DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.42193

Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch and Coal into Liquid Oil

Chemical Engineering Department, Riau University, Kampus Bina Widya KM 12,5 Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia

Received: 22 Oct 2021; Revised: 26 Dec 2021; Accepted: 15 Jan 2022; Available online: 3 Feb 2022; Published: 5 May 2022.
Editor(s): Rock Keey Liew
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract
The decline in fossil fuel sources has prompted research into finding renewable fuels. One of environmentally friendly energy sources with high efficiency is by producing liquid oil from palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) and coal. Pre-treatment of empty fruit bunches using NaOH and various concentrations of H2O2, various ratios of EFB/coal, the ratio of CaO catalyst, chemical and physical characteristics were studied to produce the better liquid oil yield. The H2O2 concentrations are 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The ratios of EFB/coal (R) are 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25. The ratios of catalyst CaO/raw material are 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%. It ran at 400 °C with 100 mL/min nitrogen gas flowing during one hour. The results showed that adding sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide in the EFB pre-treatment increased the liquid oil yield. With an increase in the EFB/coal ratio, the liquid oil yield increased. Co-pyrolysis treated EFB and Coal with a ratio of 75:25 produced 32% liquid oil yield, but the liquid oil yield decreased to 19% with the addition of 9% CaO catalyst. However, the addition of CaO catalyst reduces the acidity and increases the calorific value of the liquid oil.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: coal; CaO catalyst; co-pyrolysis; empty fruit bunches; liquid oil

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Extracted Pomace Olive Oil Use for the Preparation of Starch Graft Copolymer Combustion, Physical, and Mechanical Characterization of Composites Fuel Briquettes from Carbonized Banana Stalk and Corncob RETRACTED: Control of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Micro-Energy Grid’s DC Feeders' Power Flow Application Enhanced Geothermal Systems – Promises and Challenges Bioconversion of Industrial Cassava Solid Waste (Onggok) to Bioethanol Using a Saccharification and Fermentation process Mathematical Model of the Thermal Performance of Double-Pass Solar Collector for Solar Energy Application in Sierra Leone More recent articles
Most cited articles
A Novel Integration of PCM with Wind-Catcher Skin Material in Order to Increase Heat Transfer Rate Modeling and Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Assisted Electrolyzer-Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell For Running a Hospital in Remote Area in Kolkata, India The Energy Processing by Power Electronics and its Impact on Power Quality A Linear Regression Model for Global Solar Radiation on Horizontal Surfaces at Warri, Nigeria Energy Efficient Dryer with Rice Husk Fuel for Agriculture Drying More cited articles
  1. Abnisa, F., Daud, W.M.A., & Sahu, J.N. (2011). Optimization and characterization studies on bio-oil production from palm shell by pyrolysis using response surface methodology. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3604-3616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.05.011
  2. Abnisa, F., Daud, W.M.A., Ramalingam, S., Azemi, M.N.B.M., & Sahu, J.N. (2013). Co-pyrolysis of palm shell and polystyrene waste mixtures to synthesis liquid fuel. Fuel, 108, 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.013
  3. Ali, A. & Zhao, C. (2020). Direct liquefaction techniques on lignite coal: A review. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 41, 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63492-3
  4. Alvarez, J., Amutio, M., Lopez, G., Santamaria, L., Bilbao, J., & Olazar, M. (2019). Improving bio-oil properties through the fast co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and waste tyres. Waste Management, 85, 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.003
  5. Chang, S.H. (2018). Bio-oil derived from palm empty fruit bunches: Fast pyrolysis, liquefaction and future prospects. Biomass and Bioenergy, 119, 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.09.033
  6. Chen, X., Chen, Y., Haiping, Y.H., Chen,W., Wang, X., & Chen, H. (2017). Fast pyrolysis of cotton stalk biomass using calcium oxide. Bioresource Technology, 233, 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.070
  7. Choi, W.I., Park, J.Y., Lee, J.P., Oh, Y.K., Park, Y.C., Kim, J.S., Park, J.M., Kim, C.H., & Lee, J. S. (2013). Optimization of NaOH-catalyzed steam pretreatment of emptyafruitabunch. BiotechnologyaforaBiofuels, 6(170), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-170
  8. Dynamotive. (2012). Product Information Booklet: Dynamotive Bio-oil Information Booklet. Dynamotive, Canada
  9. Gupta, R., & Lee, Y.Y. (2010). Pretreatment of corn stover and hybrid poplar by sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. Biotechnology Progress, 26(4), 1180-1186. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.405
  10. Huang,Y.,Wang, N., Liu, Q., Wang, W., & Ma, X. (2019). Co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass in a pressured fluidized bed. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27, 1666–1673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.03.012
  11. Jamilatun, S., Budhijanto, R., & Budiman, A. (2017). Thermal decomposition and kinetic studies of pyrolysis of spirulina platensis residue. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(3), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.193-201
  12. Jamilatun, S., Budhijanto, R., Yuliestyan, A., Hadiyanto., & Budiman, A., (2019). Comparative analysis between pyrolysis products of spirulina platensis biomass and its residues. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 8(2), 133-140. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.2.133-140
  13. Jílková, L., Ciahotný, K., & Kusý, J. (2015). Pyrolysis of brown coal using a catalyst based on W–Ni. Acta Polytechnica, 55(5), 319-323. https://doi.org/10.14311/AP.2015.55.0319
  14. Li, S., Chen, X., Liu, A., Wang, L., & Yu, G. (2014). Study on co-pyrolysis characteristics of rice straw and shenfu bituminous coal blends in a fixed bed reactor. Bioresource Technology, 155, 252–257
  15. Lin, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, M., & Zhang, J. (2010). Deoxygenation of bio-oil during pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of CaO in a fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Fuels, 24(10), 5686-5695
  16. Liu, C., Wang, H., Karim, A.M., Sun, J., & Wang, Y. (2014). Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(22), 7594-7623
  17. Lu, Q., Li, W.Z., & Zhu, X.F. (2009). Overview of fuel properties of biomass fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(5), 1376-1383
  18. Mushtaq, F., Mat, R. & Ani, F.N. (2014). A review on microwave assisted pyrolysis of coal and biomass for fuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 555–574
  19. Onay, O., & Koca, H. (2015). Determination of synergetic effect in co-pyrolysis of lignite and waste tyre, Fuel, 150, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.041
  20. Payormhorm, J., Kangvansaichol, K., Reubroycharoen, P., Kunchonthara, P., & Hinchiranan, N. (2013). Pt/Al2O catalytic deoxygenation for upgrading of leucaena leucocephala-pyrolysis oil. Bioresource Technology, 139, 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.023
  21. Pazylzhan, K., & Wang, T. (2018). Difference analysis of combustion and emissions of 0# diesel,f-t diesel and biodiesel diesel. Journal of Advance Science and Technology, 12(2), 1325-1330
  22. Sharypov, V.I., Beregovtsova, N.G., Kuznetsov, B.N., Membrado, L., Cebolla, V.L., Marin, N., & Weber, J.V. (2003). Co-pyrolysis of wood biomass and synthetic polymers mixtures. part iii: characterization of heavy products. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 67, 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00071-2
  23. Sunarno, Rochmadi, Mulyono, P., & Budiman, A. (2018). Silica-alumina based catalytic cracking of bio-oil using double series reactor. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 8(1), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v8i1
  24. Sunarno, Saputra, E., Fermi, M.I., & Utama, P.S. (2020). Non-catalytic co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch of palm and solid tire waste into upgrade bio-oil. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 10(2), 687-692. https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v10i2
  25. Wang, J., Ma, M., Bai, Y., Su, W., Song, X., & Su, G. (2020). Effect of CaO additive on co-pyrolysis behavior of bituminous coal and cow dung. Fuel, 265, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013
  26. Wicakso, D.R., Nurandini, D., Mirwan, A., & Putra, M.D. (2020). Integration of pyrolysis – tar decomposition over porous low grade iron ore. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 722, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/722/1/012053
  27. Xu, A., Zhou, W., Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Chen, L., Sun, L., Ding, W., Yang, S., Guan, H. & Bai, B. (2018). Gas production by catalytic pyrolysis of herb residues using Ni/CaO catalysts. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 130, 216-223
  28. Yang, H., Yan, R., Chen, H., Lee, D. H., & Zheng, C. (2007). Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel. 86(12–13), 1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.12.010
  29. Yılgın, M., Duranay, N.D., & Pehlivan, D. (2010). Co-pyrolysis of lignite and sugar beet pulp. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1060–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.12.010
  30. Yu, Y., Yu, J.Q., Sun, B, & Yan, Z.Y. (2014). Influence of catalyst types on the microwave-induced pyrolysis of sewage sludge, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 106, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.01.003
  31. Zhang, L., Xu, L.P., Zhao, W., & Liu, S. Q. (2007). Co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal in a free fall reactor. Fuel, 86(3), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.07.004
  32. Zhao, H., Song, Q., Liu, S., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Shu, X. (2018). Study on catalytic co-pyrolysis of physical mixture/staged pyrolysis characteristics of lignite and straw over an catalytic beds of char and its mechanism. Energy Conversion and Management, 161,13-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.083

Last update:

  1. A comprehensive outlook on topical processing methods for biofuel production and its thermal applications: Current advances, sustainability and challenges

    Mani Jayakumar, Kaleab Bizuneh Gebeyehu, Lata Deso Abo, Amberbir Wondimu Tadesse, B. Vivekanandan, Venkatesa Prabhu Sundramurthy, Workisa Bacha, Veeramuthu Ashokkumar, Gurunathan Baskar. Fuel, 349 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128690

  2. Thermodynamic analysis of moist coal during microwave heating using coupled electromagnetic, multi-phase heat and mass transfer model

    Jiexin Lu, Shiliang Shi, He Li, Yi Lu, Xingyu Shi, Qing Ye, Min Li. Chemical Engineering Science, 255 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117690

  3. Co-pyrolysis re-use of sludge and biomass waste: Development, kinetics, synergistic mechanism and industrialization

    Mingyan Ma, Donghai Xu, Youwei Zhi, Wanpeng Yang, Peigao Duan, Zhiqiang Wu. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 168 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105746

  4. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of palm oil empty fruit bunch and waste tire using calcium oxide catalysts for upgrading bio-oil

    Sunarno, Ida Zahrina, Silvia Reni Yenti, Rozanna Sri Irianty, Panca Setia Utama. Materials Today: Proceedings, 87 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.290

  5. Production and Characterization of Maximum Liquid Oil Products through Individual and Copyrolysis of Pressed Neem Oil Cake and Waste Thermocol Mixture

    P. Madhu, M. Sasireka, Ravi Samikannu, K. Vinoth, A. Udhaya Kumar, Pravin P. Patil, S. Kaliappan, Atkilt Mulu Gebrekidan, Quyet Van Le. Advances in Polymer Technology, 2022 , 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/5258130

Last update: 2024-12-20 18:10:41

No citation recorded.