DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.3.541-554

Review Tentang Kemampuan Ikan Ekstremofil Untuk Hidup Di Perairan Asam Dan Terkontaminasi Logam Berat Pascapenambangan Timah

1Jurusan Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Perikanan, dan Biologi, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Indonesia

2Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, International Women University, Indonesia

Received: 7 Aug 2021; Revised: 24 Aug 2021; Accepted: 2 Sep 2021; Available online: 6 Sep 2021; Published: 1 Nov 2021.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto

Citation Format:
Abstract

Ikan ekstremofil (extremophile fishes) telah muncul sebagai model untuk kajian biologi integratif. Ikan-ikan ini tidak hanya memberikan wawasan tentang proses biologis, biokimia, fisiologis, dan perkembangan kehidupan organisme, tetapi juga penjelasan tentang kapasitas dan keterbatasan hidup untuk beradaptasi dan bertahan hidup dalam kondisi lingkungan ekstrem. Beberapa ikan ekstremofil dapat bertahan hidup di bawah kondisi habitat yang dianggap tidak ramah bagi sebagian besar ikan karena adanya stresor lingkungan. Ikan ekstrofil sering mengembangkan mekanisme adaptasi yang kompleks untuk mengatasi faktor stresor. Salah satu lingkungan yang ekstrim adalah kolong bekas penambangan timah yang terletak di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung sebagai penghasil timah. Beberapa ikan yang ditemukan dapat beradaptasi dengan kondisi ekstrem habitat ini; pH rendah, oksigen terlarut rendah, nutrisi rendah, dan kontaminasi logam berat tinggi. Habitat ekstrem yang terjadi secara alami dapat dianggap sebagai penelitian evolusioner yang memungkinkan mempelajari kemampuan ikan untuk beradaptasi dan bertahan hidup terhadap kondisi ekologi yang berubah. Telaah artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang karakteristik perairan kolong bekas penambangan timah dan fisiologi ikan ekstremofil ditinjau dari modifikasi fisikokimia dan biokimianya. Hasil kajian makalah penelitian menunjukkan beberapa jenis ikan seperti Aplocheilus sp., Betta sp., Gambusia sp., Rasbora sp., Belontia sp., Brevibora sp., Oryzias sp., Puntius sp., Anabas sp., dan Trichogaster sp. mampu toleran pada kondisi ekstrem perairan kolong pascapenambangan timah yang terbengkalai. Kemampuan ikan untuk beradaptasi dan bertahan hidup di lingkungan ekstrem seperti perairan kolong pascapenambangan timah didukung oleh kemampuan untuk melakukan penundaan penetasan telur dengan memasuki fase diapause. Kemampuan ikan lainnya adalah pengaturan mekanisme osmoregulasi atau homeostatis tubuh terhadap kondisi pH asam maupun kontaminasi logam berat di lingkungan tersebut.

ABSTRACT

Extremophile fishes have emerged as veritable models for investigations in integrative biology. These fishes not only provide insights into biological, biochemical, physiological, and developmental processes of organism’ life, but also the explanation of life’s capacity and limitation to adapt and survive in the extreme environmental conditions. Some extremophile fishes can survive under habitat conditions considered inhospitable for most fishes due to the presence of the environment stressors. The extremophile fishes have often evolved complex adaptation mechanisms to cope the stressor factors. One of the extreme environments is abandoned tin mining ponds, located in Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province as a tin producer. Some fishes have found can adapt to the extreme conditions of this habitat; low pH, low dissolved oxygen, low nutrition, and highly heavy metals contamination. Naturally occurring extreme habitat can be regarded as evolutionary researches that allow studying the ability of fishes to adapt and survive to altered ecological conditions. This paper review aimed to provide an overview about water characteristics of abandoned tin mining pits and physiology of extremophile fishes in terms of modification of physicochemical and biochemical. The result of research papers review indicated some species of fish such as Aplocheilus sp., Betta sp., Gambusia sp., Rasbora sp., Belontia sp., Brevibora sp., Oryzias sp., Puntius sp., Anabas sp., and Trichogaster sp. able to tolerate to the extreme conditions of abandoned tin mining pit waters. The ability of fish to adapt and survive in extreme environments such as abandoned tin mining pit waters is supported by the ability to delay hatching of eggs by entering the diapause phase. Another ability is the regulation of the body's osmoregulation or homeostatic mechanism against acidic pH conditions and heavy metal contamination in the environment.

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Keywords: abandoned tin mining pits; acid waters; adaptation mechanisms; extremophile fishes; heavy metals

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  1. First genetic record and phylogenetic relationship of Rasbora einthovenii (Bleeker, 1851) (Cyprinidae : Danioninae) from Bangka Island, Indonesia

    AF Syarif, A Kurniawan, A Kurniawan, R Robin, FS Valen. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1260 (1), 2023. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012002

Last update: 2024-11-06 05:38:35

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