DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.23.5.1205-1212

Adsorption of Lead (Pb2+) Using Biochar Derived from Bamboo Waste Pyrolysis

1Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo, 63471, Indonesia, Indonesia

2Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo, 63471, Indonesia, Indonesia

Received: 9 Jan 2025; Revised: 23 Jul 2025; Accepted: 6 Aug 2025; Available online: 30 Sep 2025; Published: 8 Oct 2025.
Editor(s): Budi Warsito

Citation Format:
Abstract

The increasing of industrial activities and urbanization have led to the accumulation of heavy metals, which pose a high risk to human health and ecosystems. Adsorption using biochar from bamboo waste is an alternative solution as an adsorbent. This study evaluated the performance of biochar from pyrolysis of bamboo waste at various temperatures (300–600°C) for adsorption of lead (Pb²⁺) ions. The pyrolysis was conducted under a nitrogen gas atmosphere to prevent oxidation during thermal decomposition. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed an increase in the stability of carbonyl (C=O) and carbon–nitrogen (C–N) functional groups with increasing temperature, which contributed to a stronger affinity for metal ions. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed that biochar produced at 400 °C exhibited the most favorable surface characteristics, with a surface area of 178.56 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.091 cm³/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.05 nm. This sample also demonstrated the highest Pb²⁺ adsorption capacity of 52.4 mg/g. Despite higher porosity, the biochar produced at 600 °C showed diminished adsorption efficiency due to pore structure collapse and decreased carbon content. The findings suggest that biochar synthesized at 400 °C has strong potential for use in environmental remediation applications, particularly in mitigating lead contamination in water systems.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  common.other
Adsorption of Lead (Pb) Using Nitrogen-Doped Biochar Derived from Bamboo Waste Pyrolysis
Subject
Type Other
  Download (27KB)    Indexing metadata
Keywords: Adsorption, Bamboo Waste; Biochar; Heavy Metal; Pyrolysis

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Penyisihan BOD, COD, dan Amonia pada Lindi Menggunakan Spons dan Sumbu Kompor Sebagai Media Biofilter Innovative Use of Palm Oil Fly Ash-Based Zeolite for Zinc (II) Removal from Wastewater Estimasi Cadangan Karbon Permukaan Tanah pada Lahan Kering di Kawasan Marine Science Techno Park (MSTP) Teluk Awur, Jepara More recent articles
Most cited articles
KAJIAN KERENTANAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIM BERBASIS DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (STUDI KASUS SUB DAS GARANG HULU) BACTERIAL Cr (VI) REDUCTION AND ITS IMPACT IN BIOREMEDIATION Analisis Penyebab Masyarakat Tetap Tinggal di Kawasan Rawan Bencana Gunung Merapi (Studi di Lereng Gunung Merapi Kecamatan Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) PENGENDALIAN EMISI GAS BUANG BOILER BATUBARA DENGAN SISTEM ABSORBSI Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Hasil Padi dari Cara Olah Tanah dan Pemberian Herbisida Di Lahan Sawah MK 2015 More cited articles
  1. A Aladin, B Modding, T. S. and F. C. D. (2020). Effect of nitrogen gas flowing continuously into the pyrolysis reactor for simultaneous production of charcoal and liquid smoke. The 2-Nd International Seminar on Science and Technology (ISST-2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1763/1/012020
  2. Aguilar, G., D. Muley, P., Henkel, C., & Boldor, D. (2015). Effects of biomass particle size on yield and composition of pyrolysis bio-oil derived from Chinese tallow tree (Triadica Sebifera L.) and energy cane (Saccharum complex) in an inductively heated reactor. AIMS Energy, 3(4), 838–850. https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2015.4.838
  3. Aini, N., Mufandi, I., Jamilatun, S., & Rahayu, A. (2023). Exploring Cacao Husk Waste – Surface Modification, Characterization, and its Potential for Removing Phosphate and Nitrate Ions. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24(12), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/174003
  4. Barszcz, W., Łożyńska, M., & Molenda, J. (2024). Impact of pyrolysis process conditions on the structure of biochar obtained from apple waste. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 10501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61394-8
  5. Bilal, M., Ihsanullah, I., Younas, M., & Ul Hassan Shah, M. (2021). Recent advances in applications of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from water: A critical review. Separation and Purification Technology, 278, 119510. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119510
  6. Byambaa, B., Kim, E.-J., Seid, M. G., An, B.-M., Cho, J., Aung, S. L., & Song, K. G. (2023). Synthesis of N-doped sludge biochar using the hydrothermal route-enabled carbonization method for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants by peroxymonosulfate activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 456, 141037. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.141037
  7. Elnour, A. Y., Alghyamah, A. A., Shaikh, H. M., Poulose, A. M., Al-Zahrani, S. M., Anis, A., & Al-Wabel, M. I. (2019). Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene Composites. In Applied Sciences (Vol. 9, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061149
  8. Goh, C. L., Sethupathi, S., Bashir, M. J. K., & Ahmed, W. (2019). Adsorptive behaviour of palm oil mill sludge biochar pyrolyzed at low temperature for copper and cadmium removal. Journal of Environmental Management, 237, 281–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.103
  9. Guo, S., Li, Y., Tang, S., & Zhang, T. (2024). The nitrogen transformation behavior based on the pyrolysis products of wheat straw. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 71, 58–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2024.04.005
  10. Hama Aziz, K. H., Mustafa, F. S., Omer, K. M., Hama, S., Hamarawf, R. F., & Rahman, K. O. (2023). Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment: efficient and low-cost removal approaches to eliminate their toxicity: a review. RSC Advances, 13(26), 17595–17610. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00723e
  11. Hotová, G., Slovák, V., Zelenka, T., Maršálek, R., & Parchaňská, A. (2020). The role of the oxygen functional groups in adsorption of copper (II) on carbon surface. Science of The Total Environment, 711, 135436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135436
  12. Huang, Y., Li, S., Chen, J., Zhang, X., & Chen, Y. (2014). Adsorption of Pb(II) on mesoporous activated carbons fabricated from water hyacinth using H 3 PO 4 activation: Adsorption capacity, kinetic and isotherm studies. Applied Surface Science, 293, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.12.123
  13. Jamilatun, S., Amelia, S., Pitoyo, J., Ma’Arif, A., & Mufandi, I. (2023). Preparation and Characteristics of Effective Biochar Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse as Adsorbent. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 13(2), 673–680. https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v13i2.13719.g8737
  14. Jamilatun, S., Elisthatiana, Y., Aini, S. N., Mufandi, I., & Budiman, A. (2020). Effect of Temperature on Yield Product and Characteristics of Bio-oil From Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue. Elkawnie, 6(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v6i1.6323
  15. Jamilatun, S., Mufandi, I., & Budiman, A. (2020). Biochar from Slow Catalytic Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue : Effects of Temperature and Silica-Alumina Catalyst on Yield and Characteristics. Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 14(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.56221
  16. Jiang, S., Yan, L., Wang, R., Li, G., Rao, P., Ju, M., Jian, L., Guo, X., & Che, L. (2022). Recyclable nitrogen-doped biochar via low-temperature pyrolysis for enhanced lead(II) removal. Chemosphere, 286(P1), 131666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131666
  17. Li, A., Zhang, Y., Ge, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., & Qiu, G. (2022). Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters with biochar pyrolyzed from MgAl-layered double hydroxide-coated rice husk: Mechanism and application. Bioresource Technology, 347, 126425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126425
  18. Liang, Z., Neményi, A., Kovács, G. P., & Gyuricza, C. (2023). Potential use of bamboo resources in energy value-added conversion technology and energy systems. GCB Bioenergy, 15(8), 936–953. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.13072
  19. Luo, H., Wang, Q., Guan, Q., Ma, Y., Ni, F., Yang, E., & Zhang, J. (2022). Heavy metal pollution levels, source apportionment and risk assessment in dust storms in key cities in Northwest China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 422, 126878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126878
  20. Luo, Q., Deng, Y., Li, Y., He, Q., Wu, H., & Fang, X. (2024). Effects of pyrolysis temperatures on the structural properties of straw biochar and its adsorption of tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77299-5
  21. Pham, T. H., Chu, T. T. H., Nguyen, D. K., Le, T. K. O., Obaid, S. Al, Alharbi, S. A., Kim, J., & Nguyen, M. V. (2022). Alginate-modified biochar derived from rice husk waste for improvement uptake performance of lead in wastewater. Chemosphere, 307(P3), 135956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135956
  22. Rubalingeswari, N., Thulasimala, D., Giridharan, L., Gopal, V., Magesh, N. S., & Jayaprakash, M. (2021). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, and tissues of major fisheries from Adyar estuary, southeast coast of India: An ecotoxicological impact of a metropolitan city. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163, 111964. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111964
  23. Su, Y., Shi, Y., Jiang, M., & Chen, S. (2022). One-Step Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Biochar Based on N-Doping Co-Activation Method and Its Application in Water Pollutants Control. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 23, Issue 23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314618
  24. Tomczyk, A., Kondracki, B., & Szewczuk-karpisz, K. (2023). modification of biochars as a method to improve its surface properties and efficiency in removing xenobiotics from aqueous media. Chemosphere, 312(P1), 137238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137238
  25. Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z., & Boguta, P. (2020). Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 19(1), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3
  26. Wang, Y., Li, H., & Lin, S. (2022). Advances in the Study of Heavy Metal Adsorption from Water and Soil by Modified Biochar. In Water (Vol. 14, Issue 23). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233894
  27. Yu, W., Lian, F., Cui, G., & Liu, Z. (2018). N-doping effectively enhances the adsorption capacity of biochar for heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Chemosphere, 193, 8–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.134
  28. Yun, X., Ma, Y., Zheng, H., Zhang, Y., Cui, B., & Xing, B. (2022). Pb(II) adsorption by biochar from co-pyrolysis of corn stalks and alkali-fused fly ash. Biochar, 4(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00189-4
  29. Zaynab, M., Al-Yahyai, R., Ameen, A., Sharif, Y., Ali, L., Fatima, M., Khan, K. A., & Li, S. (2022). Health and environmental effects of heavy metals. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 34(1), 101653. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101653
  30. Zheng, W., Chen, S., Liu, H., Ma, Y., & Xu, W. (2019). Study of the modification mechanism of heavy metal ions adsorbed by biomass-activated carbon doped with a solid nitrogen source. RSC Advances, 9(64), 37440–37449. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07191a

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-10-28 22:27:40

No citation recorded.