FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABILITY HEAD-TRUCK SYSTEMS USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA), TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO), AND ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) IN THE LOGISTICS OPERATIONS OF PT XYZ

Abstract

The transition toward sustainable port logistics requires a comprehensive evaluation of alternative head-truck technologies from environmental, economic, technical, and social perspectives. This study evaluates the feasibility and sustainability performance of diesel and electric (EV) head-truck systems used in the logistics operations of PT XYZ by integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Operational Cost Analysis, and Analytic Network Process (ANP). The LCA was conducted using SimaPro 9.0, the ecoinvent 3.9 database, and the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method to quantify environmental impacts during the operational phase. Operational Cost Analysis was employed to compare the annual energy expenditures of diesel and electric head-truck systems based on actual operational energy consumption. Sensitivity analysis was subsequently conducted to examine the robustness of the economic comparison under changes in energy prices and relevant environmental assumptions. ANP was applied to integrate technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria and determine the overall priority of the alternativesThe results indicate that the electric head-truck system achieves a lower aggregated environmental burden based on the single-score assessment, although trade-offs remain in several individual impact categories. The annual operational cost of the EV system is approximately Rp 258.1 million per unit, compared with Rp 808.1 million for the diesel system, resulting in potential annual savings of approximately Rp 550 million per unit. The ANP results further indicate that the EV alternative achieves a higher overall priority than the diesel alternative. These findings demonstrate that electric head-truck technology has strong potential to support sustainable and economically efficient internal container transportation at PT XYZ.