DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.19.1.16-20

Factors Associated with Cholinesterase Level of Spraying Workers Using Paraquat Herbicide at Oil Palm Plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

1Dept. Occupational Health and Safety Faculty Public Health Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia

2Dept. Agricultural Product Technology Faculty Agriculture Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia

3Ministry of labor of the Republic of Indonesia Health and Safety Laboratory, Samarinda, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright 2020 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Latar Belakang: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia pada tahun 2006 memperkirakan 1-5 juta kasus keracunan pestisida setiap tahun pada pekerja pertanian dengan kematian mencapai 220.000 korban. Sekitar 80% keracunan pestisida dilaporkan di negara-negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia. Pada 10 tahun terakhir, luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kalimantan Timur meningkat sebesar 7,7%. Pada tahun 2017 perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kalimantan Timur mencapai 1,2 juta ha dengan jumlah pekerja mencapai 234 ribu orang. Hingga saat ini belum pernah ada kajian dampak paparan pestisida terhadap gangguan kesehatan dengan indikator kadar cholinesterase. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan tingkat keracunan penyemprot perkebunan kelapa sawit yang mengaplikasikan herbisida paraquat.

Metode: Penelitian cross-sectionaldengan metoda sampling acak sederhana telah dilakukan pada 326 penyemprot dari 10 perkebunan kelapa sawit yang menggunakan herbisida paraquat, untuk mengidentifikasi prevalensi keracunan dan faktor risikonya. Tingkat keracunan pestisida diukur berdasarkan kadar enzim cholinesterase darah menggunakan Tintometer kit. Usia, masa kerja, dan area penyemprotan per hari dikumpulkan dengan wawancara langsung. Data dianalisis menggunakan Uji Spearman.

Hasil:Penyemprot herbisida sebagian besar berusia >26-34 tahun (31,9%), mempunyai masa kerja < 5 tahun (76,1%), menyemprot area seluas < 4 ha per hari (84%). Toksisitas ringan dialami oleh 29 orang penyemprot (8,9%). Keracunan ringan herbisida tersebut berkorelasi signifikan dengan usia (p=0,000) dan area penyemprotan per hari (p=0,014).

Kesimpulan: Prevalensi keracunan paraquat di kalangan pekerja penyemprot herbisida di perkebunan kelapa sawit relatif rendah. Penggunaan herbisida dengan dosis yang lebih rendah dan pengurangan area semprot menjadi faktor penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam usaha pencegahan keracunan herbisida yang lebih buruk.


ABSTRACT

Background: In 2006, World Health Organization estimates a number of 1-5 million cases of pesticide poisoning per year in agricultural workers with deaths reaching of 220,000 casualties. About 80% of pesticide poisoning was reported in developing countries, including Indonesia. In the last ten years, palm oil plantation area in East Kalimantan increased at 7.7%. In 2017, palm oil plantation covered an area of 1,2 billion ha with 234.000 workers. Until now, there is no study on pesticide exposure on health disorder with indicator using cholinesterase level.

Methods: A cross-sectional study has been conducted using simple random sampling on 326 sprayers from 10 oil palm plantations using paraquat herbicide to identify herbicide poisoning prevalence, and its risk factor. The pesticide poisoning rate was measured based on blood cholinesterase enzyme level using a Tintometer kit. Age, working period, and spraying area per day were collected by direct interview. Data were analysed by Spearman test.

Result: The most sprayer workers was at age of > 26-34 years (31.9%), having working experience <5 years (76.1%), implementing a spray area per day of <4 ha (84%). A mild toxicity was experienced by 29 sprayers (8.9%). The prevalence of paraquat herbicide was correlated significantly with age (p=0.000) and spraying area per day (p=0.014).

Conclusion: The prevalence of paraquat among herbicide sprayer at oil palm plantation was relative low. Application of herbicide with lower doses and reducing the spraying area are the necessary factors to be considered in order to prevent the herbicide poisoning become worst.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  Copyrigh Transfer Agreement
CTA
Subject
Type Copyrigh Transfer Agreement
  Download (766KB)    Indexing metadata
Keywords: Herbiside; paraquat; cholinesterase; sprayers of oli palm plantation.
Funding: -

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Keluhan Kesehatan Subjektif Pada Masyarakat Pengguna Insektisida Antinyamuk di Kecamatan Indralaya Gambaran Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) Di Pulau Bali Tahun 2012-2017 Perbandingan Efektifitas Metode Elektrokoagulasi dan Destilasi Terhadap Penurunan Beban Pencemar Fisik Pada Air Limbah Domestik Halaman Sampul Halaman Belakang More recent articles
Most cited articles
Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Fisik Rumah dan Karakteristik Wilayah Sebagai Determinan Kejadian Penyakit Tuberkulosis Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura Provinsi Papua Faktor Risiko Lingkungandan Kebiasaan Penduduk Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Filariasis di Distrik Windesi Kabupaten Kepulauan Yapen Provinsi Papua Evaluasi Manajemen Limbah Padat Dan Cair Di Rsud Mimika Pengaruh Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu terhadap Penyakit Kecacingan Pada Balita Hubungan Praktek Personal Hygiene Ibu dan Kondisi Sanitasi Lingkungan Rumah dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Puskesmas Kampung Dalam Kecamatan Pontianak Timur More cited articles
  1. Aktar W, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2009, 2(1):1–12
  2. Damalas CA, Eleftherohorinos IG. Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011, 8(5):1402–19
  3. Macfarlane E, Carey R, Keegel T, El-Zaemay S, Fritschi L. Dermal exposure associated with occupational end use of pesticides and the role of protective measures. Saf Health Work 2013, 4(3):136–41
  4. Ahmad R, Ahad K, Iqbal R, Muhammad A. Acute poisoning due to commercial pesticides in Multan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2002, 18: 227–31
  5. Bjørling-poulsen M, Andersen HR, Grandjean P. Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe. Environ Heal. 2008, 7(50):1–22
  6. Hu R, Huang X, Huang J, Li Y, Zhang C, Yin Y, et al. Long- and short-term health effects of pesticide exposure: A cohort study from China. PLoS One 2015,10(6):1–13
  7. Salameh P. Respiratory diseases and pesticide exposure: a case-control study in Lebanon. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 2006, 60(3):256–61
  8. Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, London SJ, Henneberger PK, Kullman GJ, Alavanja MCR, et al. Pesticides and atopic and nonatopic asthma among farm women in the agricultural health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 177(1):11–8
  9. Bretveld RW, Thomas CMG, Scheepers PTJ, Zielhuis GA, Roeleveld N. Pesticide exposure: the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted? Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006, 4(30):1–14
  10. Mnif W, Hassine AIH, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O, Roig B. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011, 8(6):2265–303
  11. Bassil KL, Vakil C, Sanborn M, Cole DC, Kaur JS, Kerr KJ, et al. Cancer health effects of pesticides. Can Fam Physician 2007, 53(10):1704–11
  12. Lu JL. Total pesticide exposure calculation among vegetable farmers in benguet, philippines. J Environ Public Health. 2009, 412054
  13. Kishi M, Hirschhorn N, Djajadisastra M, Satterlee LN, Strowman S, Dilts R. Relationship of pesticide spraying to signs and symptoms in Indonesian farmers. Scand J Work Environ Heal. 1995, 21(2):124–33
  14. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Ditjen PPM & PLP. Laporan program penyehatan lingkungan permukiman tahun 1995/1996. Jakarta; 1996
  15. Muslih AM, Zakaria WA, Kasymir E. Analysis of Affecting Factors on Lampung Province CPO Exports. JIAA. 2013, 1(2):92–7
  16. Dinas Pertanian Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Komoditi Kelapa Sawit Kalimantan Timur. 2017
  17. Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Rencana Tenaga Kerja Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Tahun 2014-2018. Samarinda; 2013
  18. Untung K. Impact of Integrated Pest Management to The Registration and Use of Pesticide in Indonesia. J Perlindungan Tanam Indones. 2004, 10(1):1–7
  19. Windarti I, Widayana IGE. Effect Paraquat Dichloride Herbicides Orally on the Stage of Esophagus Damage in Male Rats. Juke Unila 2015, 5(9):9–12
  20. Rahmawati YD, Martiana T. Pengaruh faktor karakteristik petani dan metode penyemprotan terhadap kadar kolinesterase. Indones J Occup Safety, Heal Environ. 2014, 1(1):85–94
  21. Vikey HA, Dossou F, Hountikpo H, Lawin H, Koudafoke A, Fayomi B, et al. Risk Factors of Pesticide Poisoning and Pesticide Users’ Cholinesterase Levels in Cotton Production Areas: Glazoué and Savè Townships, in Central Republic of Benin. Environ Health Insights. 2017, 11(0):1–10
  22. Wilaiwan W, Baokumkong C, Siriwong W, Pidgunpai K. Cholinesterase Levels and Adverse Health Effects Among Rice Farmers Using Pesticides in Agricultural Areas , the Central of Thailand. Int J Manag Appl Sci. 2015, 1(9):27–30
  23. Nganchamung T, Robson M, Siriwong W. Association Between Blood Cholinesterase Activity, Organophosphate Pesticide Residues on Hands, and Health Effects. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2017, 68(2):175–83
  24. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pemeriksaan Kholinesterase Darah dengan Tintometer Kit. Jakarta; 1992
  25. Watts M. Paraquat. Pestic Action Netw Asia Pacific 2011, 1–44
  26. Tanveer H banday, Sadaf bashir , Shasikant bhat, Ashwin K, Praveen, Jagadeesh.SG. Manifestation and Management of Paraquat Intoxiction. A deadly poison? IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2013, 12(6):74–6
  27. Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Duarte JA, Sánchez-Navarro A, Remião F, Bastos ML, Carvalho F. Paraquat poisonings: Mechanisms of lung toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008, 38(1):13–71
  28. Gawarammana IB, Buckley NA. Medical management of paraquat ingestion. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011, 72(5):745–57
  29. Ko DR, Chung SP, You JS, Cho S, Park Y, Chun B, et al. Effects of paraquat ban on herbicide poisoning-related mortality. Yonsei Med J. 2017, 58(4):859–66
  30. Quandt SA, Chen H, Grzywacz JG, Vallejos QM, Galvan L, Arcury TA. Depression and its association with pesticide exposure across the agricultural season among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina. Environ Health Perspect. 2010, 118(5):635–9
  31. Nerilo SB, Martins FA, Nerilo LB, Salvadego VEC, Endo RY, Rocha GHO, et al. Pesticide use and cholinesterase inhibition in small-scale agricultural workers in southern Brazil. Brazilian J Pharm Sci. 2014, 50(4):783–92
  32. Ishak I, Lubis SH, Hamid ZA, Mohammad N. Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides in Malaysia. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol. 2015, 6(4):106–12
  33. Dosemeci M, Alavanja MC., Rowland AS, Mage D, Zahm S., Rothman N, et al. A Quantitative Approach for Estimating Exposure to Pesticides in the Agricultural Health Study. Ann Occup Hyg. 2002, 46; 245–60

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-04-16 20:23:34

No citation recorded.