DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.23.3.349-361

Karakterisasi, Analisis Risiko Kesehatan dan Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) Model Akibat Paparan Uap Las pada Pekerja Bengkel Pengelasan

1Magister Terapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Sekolah Vokasi, Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2Health Safety Environmental Department, Concentrating Division, PT Freeport Indonesia, Indonesia

3Program Studi Magister Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

4 Program Doktor Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik Sipil-Perencanaan-Kebumian, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

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Open Access Copyright 2024 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Pengelasan di industri pengolahan bijih mineral menimbulkan risiko kesehatan bagi pekerja akibat paparan uap las yang mengandung logam berbahaya seperti krom, mangan, tembaga, dan besi. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi risiko kesehatan pekerja di sebuah bengkel las dengan menganalisis data paparan personal dan karakteristik unsur logam spesifik dalam uap las selama periode 2021-2024.

Metode: Multi-Path Particulate Dosimetry (MPPD) digunakan untuk menganalisis deposisi partikel di saluran pernapasan pekerja dan pengukuran kadar logam pada uap las menggunakan metode NIOSH 7300 menggunakan instrumen ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma). Analisis risiko dilakukan untuk menilai potensi peningkatan risiko kesehatan, baik karsinogenik maupun non-karsinogenik.

Hasil: Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pekerja terpapar uap las dengan konsentrasi logam berbahaya yang tinggi, terutama krom, mangan, dan besi. Nilai risiko karsinogenik (ECR) untuk krom mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 2022 dengan nilai 7,8x10-5, sementara nilai risiko non-karsinogenik logam  mangan mencapai nilai tertinggi pada tahun yang sama dengan HQ sebesar 1568 tertinggi selama empat tahun terakhir, mengindikasikan terjadinya peningkatan risiko kesehatan. Simulasi model MPPD menunjukkan laju deposisi partikel total fume yang cukup tinggi pada tahun 2022, menunjukkan laju deposisi partikel total fume sebesar 0,097 μg/menit dan deposisi partikel total fume per area mencapai 1,27.10-4μg/m2 selama periode pengamatan. Tingginya tingkat paparan dan deposisi partikel ini mengindikasikan risiko tinggi terjadinya penyakit saluran pernafasan, termasuk penyakit paru obstruksi kronis (PPOK) hingga kanker paru. Analisis risiko lebih lanjut mengkonfirmasi hubungan antara paparan  krom dan mangan dengan peningkatan risiko kanker dan efek kesehatan non-kanker. Untuk mengurangi risiko kesehatan pekerja, disarankan penerapan pengendalian teknik seperti perbaikan sistem ventilasi lokal yang efektif, seperti penggunaan fume extractor atau fume hood, serta penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) pernafasan berupa respirator dan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala juga perlu dilakukan..

Simpulan: Pekerja pengelasan di industri pengolahan bijih mineral menghadapi risiko kesehatan yang tinggi akibat paparan uap las mengandung logam berbahaya. Perlu adanya tindakan pengendalian risiko yang komprehensif untuk melindungi kesehatan pekerja.

 

ABSTRACT

Tittle: Characterization, Health Risk Analysis, and Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) Model Due to Welding Fume Exposure in Welding Workshop Workers

Introduction: Welding in the mineral ore processing industry poses significant health risks to workers due to exposure to welding fumes containing hazardous metals such as chromium, manganese, copper, and iron. This study evaluated the health risks of workers in a welding workshop by analyzing personal exposure data and the characteristics of specific metallic elements in welding fumes over the period 2021-2024.

Methods: Multi-Path Particulate Dosimetry (MPPD) was used to analyze particle deposition in the respiratory tract of workers, and the metal content in welding fumes was measured using the NIOSH 7300 method with an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) instrument. Risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential increase in both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks.

Results: The study showed that workers were exposed to high concentrations of hazardous metals in welding fumes, particularly chromium and manganese. Excess carcinogenic risk (ECR) for chromium peaked in 2022 with a value of 7.8x10-5, while the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for manganese reached its highest value in the same year at 1568, indicating an increased health risk. MPPD model simulations showed a significant rate of total fume particle deposition in 2022, with a deposition rate of 0.097 μg/min and a deposition area of 1.27x10-4 μg/m². These high exposure and particle deposition levels indicate a high risk of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Further risk analysis confirmed the association between exposure to chromium and manganese and an increased risk of cancer and non-cancerous health effects. To reduce worker health risks, it is recommended to implement engineering controls such as improved local ventilation systems, such as using fume extractors or fume hoods, as well as the use of respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE) and regular medical check-up.

Conclusion: Welders in the mineral ore processing industry face significant health risks due to exposure to welding fumes containing hazardous metals. Comprehensive risk control measures are needed to protect workers' health.

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Keywords: uap las; logam berat; risiko kesehatan; NIOSH 7300; MPPD.

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