DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.70451

Dampak Kualitas Udara Dalam Ruangan Terhadap Kejadian ISPA di Kecamatan Medan Denai, Kota Medan

1Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kedokteran Gigi dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Indonesia

2Bagian Kebijakan dan Manajemen Kesehatan, Fakultas Kedokteran, Kedokteran Gigi dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright 2025 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Latar Belakang: Tingginya angka kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) di Kecamatan Medan Denai diduga kuat berkaitan dengan buruknya kualitas udara dalam ruangan, khususnya di kawasan padat penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara berbagai parameter kualitas udara dalam ruangan dengan kejadian ISPA di wilayah tersebut.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel terdiri dari 300 responden dari rumah-rumah di area padat penduduk Kecamatan Medan Denai yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data mengenai parameter fisik dan kimia kualitas udara serta status ISPA dikumpulkan melalui pengukuran langsung, kuesioner, dan observasi. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square.

Hasil: Ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara kejadian ISPA dengan suhu udara, kelembapan, laju ventilasi, kadar SO2, NO2, CO, dan paparan asap rokok (p<0,05). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa laju ventilasi yang buruk meningkatkan risiko ISPA sebesar 26,4 kali (RR=26,430), kelembapan yang tidak sesuai standar meningkatkan risiko 43,8 kali (RR=43,84), dan paparan asap rokok meningkatkan risiko 5,5 kali (RR=5,550). Sementara itu, tingkat pencahayaan, kadar timbal (Pb), formaldehida (HCHO), dan volatile organic compounds (VOC) tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan.

Simpulan: Kualitas udara dalam ruangan yang tidak memenuhi standar, terutama laju ventilasi yang buruk, secara signifikan meningkatkan risiko kejadian ISPA di Kecamatan Medan Denai. Pemilik rumah direkomendasikan untuk secara aktif meningkatkan sirkulasi udara dengan cara membuka jendela dan pintu secara teratur untuk memastikan pertukaran udara yang memadai. Selain itu, penting untuk mengendalikan sumber polusi di dalam rumah, seperti tidak merokok di dalam ruangan, serta menjaga suhu dan kelembapan pada tingkat yang ideal untuk meminimalkan risiko penyakit pernapasan. Edukasi dan pemantauan berkala oleh pemerintah juga diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat.

 

ABSTRACT

Title: The Impact of Indoor Air Quality on the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in Medan Denai Sub-district, Medan City

Background: The high incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in the Medan Denai Sub-district is strongly suspected to be associated with poor indoor air quality, particularly in densely populated areas. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between various indoor air quality parameters and the incidence of ARIs in the region.

Method: This research employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample comprised 300 respondents from households in densely populated areas of Medan Denai Sub-district, selected using purposive sampling. Data on physical and chemical air quality parameters and ARI status were collected through direct measurements, questionnaires, and observations. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test.

Result: A significant relationship was found between the incidence of ARIs and air temperature, humidity, ventilation rate, levels of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and exposure to tobacco smoke (p < 0.05). The results indicate that poor ventilation increases the risk of ARIs by 26.4 times (RR = 26.43), non-standard humidity increases the risk by 43.8 times (RR = 43.84), and exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk by 5.5 times (RR = 5.55). Conversely, lighting levels, lead (Pb), formaldehyde (HCHO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed no significant association.

Conclusion: Substandard indoor air quality, especially poor ventilation, significantly increases the risk of ARIs in Medan Denai Sub-district. Homeowners are advised to actively improve air circulation by regularly opening windows and doors to ensure adequate air exchange. Furthermore, controlling indoor pollution sources, such as refraining from smoking indoors, and maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels are crucial to minimizing the risk of respiratory diseases. Public education and regular monitoring by government agencies are essential to raise awareness and promote healthier indoor environments.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  ES
Pernyataan Etik
Subject
Type ES
  Download (1MB)    Indexing metadata
 CTA
Copyrigh Transfer Agreement
Subject
Type CTA
  Download (800KB)    Indexing metadata
 Turnitin
Turnitin
Subject
Type Turnitin
  Download (3MB)    Indexing metadata
Keywords: kualitas udara dalam ruangan; parameter fisik; parameter kimia; ISPA

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : ID
Recent articles
Dampak Kualitas Udara Dalam Ruangan Terhadap Kejadian ISPA di Kecamatan Medan Denai, Kota Medan Peramalan Tonase Sampah TPST Bantargebang Sebagai Upaya Awal Penanganan Masalah Sampah Daerah Khusus Jakarta Evaluating Environmental and Public Health Risks of Medical Waste Incineration Using Air Dispersion Modeling in Indonesia Polusi Udara dan Dermatitis Atopik: Suatu Tinjauan Literatur More recent articles
Most cited articles
Hubungan Paparan Pestisida Pada Masa Kehamilan Dengan Kejadian Berat Badan Bayi Lahir Rendah (BBLR) di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang Faktor Risiko Lingkungandan Kebiasaan Penduduk Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Filariasis di Distrik Windesi Kabupaten Kepulauan Yapen Provinsi Papua Evaluasi Manajemen Limbah Padat Dan Cair Di Rsud Mimika Keracunan Pestisida pada Petani Penyemprot Cabe di Desa Candi Kecamatan Bandungan Kabupaten Semarang Faktor Risiko dan Potensi Penularan Tuberkulosis Paru di Kabupaten Kendal , Jawa Tengah More cited articles
  1. Brinkman JE, Toro F, Sharma S. Physiology, Respiratory Drive. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023
  2. Booth S, Johnson MJ. Improving the quality of life of people with advanced respiratory disease and severe breathlessness. Breathe. 2019 Sep 1;15(3):198–215. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0200-2019
  3. Ebrahimi H, Aryan Z, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Bisignano C, Rezaei S, Pishgar F, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Sep;9(9):1030–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00164-8
  4. Chen X, Zhou CW, Fu YY, Li YZ, Chen L, Zhang QW, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and associated risk factors, 1990–2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Vol. 10, Frontiers in Medicine. 2023. p. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1066804
  5. Momtazmanesh S, Moghaddam SS, Ghamari SH, Rad EM, Rezaei N, Shobeiri P, et al. Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: An update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. eClinicalMedicine. 2023 May;59:101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101936
  6. Tran HM, Tsai FJ, Lee YL, Chang JH, Chang LT, Chang TY, et al. The impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in an era of climate change: A review of the current evidence. Sci Total Environ. 2023 Nov;898:166340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166340
  7. Behinaein P, Hutchings H, Knapp T, Okereke IC. The growing impact of air quality on lung-related illness: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2023 Sep;15(9):5055–63. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-23-544
  8. Saini J, Dutta M, Marques G. A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health. Sustain Environ Res. 2020 Dec 29;30(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-020-0047-y
  9. Raju S, Siddharthan T, McCormack MC. Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health. Clin Chest Med. 2020 Dec;41(4):825–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.014
  10. Hulin M, Simoni M, Viegi G, Annesi-Maesano I. Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments. Eur Respir J. 2012 Oct;40(4):1033–45. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00159011
  11. Tran V Van, Park D, Lee YC. Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human Diseases, and Recent Trends in the Control and Improvement of Indoor Air Quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 23;17(8):2927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082927
  12. Alford KL, Kumar N. Pulmonary Health Effects of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds—A Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 7;18(4):1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041578
  13. Kozielska B, Ferdyn-Grygierek J, Slezakova K, Sowa J, Hassan SKM. Editorial: Indoor environmental air quality in urban areas. Front Environ Sci. 2024 Mar 12;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1393997
  14. Golubić D, Meile W, Brenn G, Kozmar H. Wind-tunnel analysis of natural ventilation in a generic building in sheltered and unsheltered conditions: Impact of Reynolds number and wind direction. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn. 2020 Dec;207:104388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104388
  15. Bekierski D, Kostyrko KB. The Influence of Outdoor Particulate Matter PM2.5 on Indoor Air Quality: The Implementation of a New Assessment Method. Energies. 2021 Sep 30;14(19):6230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196230
  16. Mohammadi M, Calautit J. Quantifying the Transmission of Outdoor Pollutants into the Indoor Environment and Vice Versa—Review of Influencing Factors, Methods, Challenges and Future Direction. Sustainability. 2022 Aug 31;14(17):10880. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710880
  17. Karr G, Nicolas M, Maupetit F, Ramel M. Cleaning product emissions and indoor built environments: Exposure and health risk assessments from experiments under realistic indoor conditions. Build Environ. 2021 Dec;206:108384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108384
  18. Vardoulakis S, Giagloglou E, Steinle S, Davis A, Sleeuwenhoek A, Galea KS, et al. Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home Environment: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 2;17(23):8972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238972
  19. Perera F. Children’s Health and the Peril of Climate Change. New York: Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197588161.001.0001
  20. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Medan. Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2022. Kota Medan; 2023
  21. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1077/Menkes/PER/V/2011 Tentang Pedoman Penyehatan Udara Dalam Ruang Rumah. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2011
  22. Syaputra I. Analisis Struktural Permukiman Penghuni Liar di Kecamatan Medan TALENTA Conference Series Analisis Struktural Permukiman Penghuni Liar di Kecamatan Medan Denai. Talent Conf Ser Energy Eng. 2022;5(1):75–9. https://doi.org/10.32734/ee.v5i1.1445
  23. Lemeshow S. Adequacy of sample size in health studies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1997
  24. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 66 Tahun 2014 Tentang Kesehatan Lingkungan. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2023
  25. Nabiha PZ, Azizah R, Zulkarnain OF, Rizaldi MA, Febriani AK, Nugraheni WP, et al. Risk analysis of temperature, humidity, ventilation, use of mosquito repellent, and smoking behaviour on the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Toddlers. J Air Pollut Heal [Internet]. 2023 Dec 28;8(4):501–16. https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v8i4.14543
  26. Ernyasih E, Fajrini F, Latifah N. Analisis Hubungan Iklim (Curah Hujan, Kelembaban, Suhu Udara dan Kecepatan Angin) dengan Kasus ISPA di DKI Jakarta Tahun 2011 – 2015. J Ilmu Kesehat Masy. 2018 Sep 20;7(3):167–73. https://doi.org/10.33221/jikm.v7i3.125
  27. Xu Z, Hu W, Tong S. Temperature variability and childhood pneumonia: an ecological study. Environ Heal. 2014 Dec 11;13(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-51
  28. Mirsaeidi M, Motahari H, Taghizadeh Khamesi M, Sharifi A, Campos M, Schraufnagel DE. Climate Change and Respiratory Infections. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016 Aug;13(8):1223–30. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201511-729PS
  29. Anggraeni SN, Iriani DU. Indoor Air Quality And Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection In Children Under Five In Marunda Public Flats North Jakarta. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Integrative Conference on Health, Life and Social Sciences (ICHLaS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press; 2017. https://doi.org/10.2991/ichlas-17.2017.16
  30. Han L, Ran J, Chan KH, Mak YW, Suen L, Cowling BJ, et al. Indoor Environmental Factors and Acute Respiratory Illness in a Prospective Cohort of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 17;222(6):967–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa188
  31. Pemerintah Daerah Kota Medan. Laporan Penyelenggaraan Pemerintah Daerah Tahun 2023. Kota Medan: Pemerintah Daerah Kota Medan; 2023
  32. Sari DA, Budiyono B, Darundiati YH. Hubungan antara Kualitas Udara dalam Ruang dengan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Bayi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bandarharjo Kota Semarang. Media Kesehat Masy Indones. 2019 Jul 4;18(3)
  33. Yustati E. Hubungan Kepadatan Hunian, Ventilasi Dan Pencahayaan Dengan Kejadian ISPA Pada Balita Di Desa Talang Jawa Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Tanjung Agung Kecamatan Baturaja Barat Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Tahun 2020. Cendekia Med. 2020 Sep 30;5(2):107–12. https://doi.org/10.52235/cendekiamedika.v5i2.71
  34. Nur Aryanti RF. Literature Review: The relationship of the physical quality of the environment in the dwelling to the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). Media Gizi Kesmas. 2021 Jun 1;10(1):118. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v10i1.2021.118-137
  35. Zhu S, Jenkins S, Addo K, Heidarinejad M, Romo SA, Layne A, et al. Ventilation and laboratory confirmed acute respiratory infection (ARI) rates in college residence halls in College Park, Maryland. Environ Int. 2020 Apr;137:105537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105537
  36. Rafaditya SA, Saptanto A, Ratnaningrum K. Ventilasi dan Pencahayaan Rumah Berhubungan dengan Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) pada Balita: Analisis Faktor Lingkungan Fisik. Medica Arter. 2022 Feb 27;3(2):115. https://doi.org/10.26714/medart.3.2.2021.115-121
  37. Fitriyah L. Hubungan Kualitas Debu dan Ventilasi Rumah dengan Kejadian Penyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Atas (ISPA) di Bekas Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) Keputih. J Kesehat Lingkung. 2016;8(2):137–47. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v8i2.2016.137-147
  38. Istifaiyah A, Adriansyah AA, Handayani D. Hubungan ventilasi dengan kejadian penyakit ISPA pada santri di Pondok Pesantren Amanatul Ummah Surabaya. IKESMA J Ilmu Kesehat Masy. 2019 Sep 24;15(2):113. https://doi.org/10.19184/ikesma.v15i2.17552
  39. Firdaus AP, Sulistyono L. Correlation between SO2 with Acute Respiratory Infection in Surabaya City 2013–2015. J Kesehat Lingkung. 2018 Jul 27;9(1):40. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v9i1.2017.40-47
  40. Li R, Jiang N, Liu Q, Huang J, Guo X, Liu F, et al. Impact of Air Pollutants on Outpatient Visits for Acute Respiratory Outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Jan 5;14(1):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010047
  41. Bowatte G, Lodge C, Lowe AJ, Erbas B, Perret J, Abramson MJ, et al. The influence of childhood traffic‐related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization: a systematic review and a meta‐analysis of birth cohort studies. Allergy. 2015 Mar 31;70(3):245–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12561
  42. Cai J, Zhao A, Zhao J, Chen R, Wang W, Ha S, et al. Acute effects of air pollution on asthma hospitalization in Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut. 2014 Aug;191:139–44
  43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.028
  44. Kurt OK, Zhang J, Pinkerton KE. Pulmonary health effects of air pollution. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016 Mar;22(2):138–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248
  45. Khalaf EM, Mohammadi MJ, Sulistiyani S, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Kiani F, Jalil AT, et al. Effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on human health: a review. Rev Environ Health. 2024 Jun 25;39(2):331–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2022-0237
  46. Nurhisanah S, Hasyim H. Environmental health risk assessment of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at workers around in combined cycle power plant (CCPP). Heliyon. 2022 May;8(5):e09388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09388
  47. Rose JJ, Wang L, Xu Q, McTiernan CF, Shiva S, Tejero J, et al. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions of Therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar 1;195(5):596–606. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201606-1275CI
  48. Krismanuel H. Correlation between carbon dioxide (CO2) and respiratory issues: A literature review. J Penelit dan Karya Ilm Lemb Penelit Univ Trisakti. 2024 Jan 15;9(1):159–68. https://doi.org/10.25105/pdk.v9i1.17646
  49. Santus P, Russo A, Madonini E, Allegra L, Blasi F, Centanni S, et al. How air pollution influences clinical management of respiratory diseases. A case-crossover study in Milan. Respir Res. 2012 Dec 18;13(1):95. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-13-95
  50. Lugade AA, Bogner PN, Thatcher TH, Sime PJ, Phipps RP, Thanavala Y. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Exacerbates Lung Inflammation and Compromises Immunity to Bacterial Infection. J Immunol. 2014 Jun 1;192(11):5226–35. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302584
  51. Cha SR, Jang J, Park SM, Ryu SM, Cho SJ, Yang SR. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Respiratory Response: Insights into Cellular Processes and Biomarkers. Antioxidants. 2023 Jun 3;12(6):1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061210
  52. Jiang C, Chen Q, Xie M. Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis. 2020 Jul 14;18(7):80. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/123845
  53. Dita Rahmadanti, Rony Darmawansyah Alnur. Hubungan Kepadatan Hunian dan Pencahayaan Kamar dengan Kejadian ISPA pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Babelan 1. SEHATMAS J Ilm Kesehat Masy. 2023 Oct 30;2(4):1025–32. https://doi.org/10.55123/sehatmas.v2i4.2604
  54. Wimalasena NN, Chang-Richards A, Wang KIK, Dirks KN. Housing Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021 Mar 10;18(6):2815. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062815
  55. Lorentzen JC, Johanson G, Björk F, Stensson S. Overcrowding and Hazardous Dwelling Condition Characteristics: A Systematic Search and Scoping Review of Relevance for Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 23;19(23):15542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315542
  56. Hauptman M, Bruccoleri R, Woolf AD. An Update on Childhood Lead Poisoning. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2017 Sep;18(3):181–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.010
  57. Mulyadi, Nugroho HSW. Risk Factors at Home on Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Incidence in Children Under Five in Sapuli Island, South Sulawesi. Indian J Public Heal Res Dev. 2018;9(6):210. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00551.X
  58. Rumchev KB, Spickett JT, Bulsara MK, Phillips MR, Stick SM. Domestic exposure to formaldehyde significantly increases the risk of asthma in young children. Eur Respir J. 2002 Aug;20(2):403–8. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00245002
  59. Nurmatov UB, Tagiyeva N, Semple S, Devereux G, Sheikh A. Volatile organic compounds and risk of asthma and allergy: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2015 Mar 28;24(135):92–101. https://doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00000714

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-09-01 16:36:16

No citation recorded.