DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.71513

Faktor Risiko Sanitasi Lingkungan dan Strategi Pencegahan Terhadap Kejadian Hepatitis: Suatu Kajian Sistematik

1Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat, Bidang Minat Kesehatan Lingkungan, Program Studi Magister Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Teungku Tanoh Abee, Kopelma Darussalam, Kec. Syiah Kuala, Kota Banda Aceh, Aceh 24415, Indonesia

2Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Teungku Tanoh Abee, Kopelma Darussalam, Kec. Syiah Kuala, Kota Banda Aceh, Aceh 24415, Indonesia

Open Access Copyright 2025 Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Penyakit hepatitis A dan hepatitis E menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan secara global. Indonesia berada di urutan ketiga daerah endemik hepatitis di dunia dengan prevalensi sebesar 0,6%. Jumlah ini terus meningkat sehingga diperlukan kajian sistematis untuk mengetahui faktor risiko, dan strategi pencegahan dari penyakit ini. Tujuan kajian sistematis ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor risiko sanitasi lingkungan terhadap kejadian hepatitis A dan hepatitis E serta strategi pencegahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat.

Metode: Studi ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan systematic review untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara sanitasi lingkungan dan kejadian hepatitis. Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui database elektronik seperti PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar menggunakan kata kunci sanitation, hepatitis, waterborne diseases, environmental health, dan developing countries didapatkan 146.709 artikel, setelah dilakukan screening penelitian yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2016–2024, abstrak dan judul, open acces dan dapat diunduh diperoleh 500 artikel. Tahap selanjutnya didapatkan 100 artikel yang membahas hubungan sanitasi lingkungan seperti akses air bersih, pengelolaan limbah, kebiasaan higiene dengan kejadian hepatitis. Studi ini menggunakan desain observasional atau intervensi berbasis komunitas, dan ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris atau Indonesia.

Hasil: Berdasarkan pencarian sistematic review didapatkan 30 dari 100 artikel yang memenuhi seleksi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sanitasi buruk, akses terbatas ke air bersih, dan kebiasaan higiene yang kurang menjadi faktor utama penyebaran hepatitis A dan E. Pengendalian penyakit ini memerlukan vaksinasi, peningkatan sanitasi, pendekatan One Health untuk hepatitis E, serta sistem surveilans yang kuat. Upaya pencegahan dengan infrastruktur sanitasi yang baik dan peningkatan edukasi masyarakat merupakan langkah strategis untuk mengendalikan hepatitis.

Simpulan: Berdasarkan systematic review yang dilakukan, Hepatitis A dan E memiliki hubungan dengan kondisi sanitasi buruk, akses air bersih terbatas, dan rendahnya higiene

 

ABSTRACT

Title: Environmental Sanitation Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Hepatitis Incidences: A Systematic Review

Background: Hepatitis, particularly hepatitis A and E, is a significant global public health concern. This systematic review analyzed various studies on the prevalence, risk factors, and prevention strategies for hepatitis. Studies have indicated that hepatitis viruses are found in various water matrices, highlighting the critical role of contaminated water in transmission. Other risk factors include poor sanitation, inadequate hygiene practices, high population density, and limited access to health care facilities. Vaccination and improved sanitation are effective in controlling the transmission of hepatitis A. Community education and empowerment are essential for its prevention. Hepatitis E, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, underscores the need for an integrated one-health approach.

Method: This study was conducted using a systematic review approach to evaluate the relationship between environmental sanitation and hepatitis incidence. Literature searches were conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords such as sanitation, hepatitis, waterborne diseases, environmental health, and developing countries obtained 146,709 articles, after screening studies published between 2016–2024, abstracts and titles, open access and downloadable 500 articles. The next stage obtained 100 articles that discuss the relationship between environmental sanitation (access to clean water, waste management, hygiene practices) and hepatitis incidence, using observational designs or community-based interventions and written in English or Indonesian.

Results: Based on the systematic review search, 30 out of 100 articles met the selection criteria. The results showed that poor sanitation, limited access to clean water, and inadequate hygiene practices are major factors in the spread of hepatitis A and E. Effective disease control requires vaccination, improved sanitation, a One Health approach for hepatitis E, and a strong surveillance system. Prevention efforts with good sanitation infrastructure and increased public education are strategic steps to control hepatitis.

Conclusion: Based on this systematic review, it can be concluded that hepatitis A and E are associated with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water, inadequate hygiene practices.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

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Keywords: Hepatitis; penularan melalui air; sanitasi; higiene; kesehatan masyarakat

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Section: Research Articles
Language : ID
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