DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jpki.19.2.72-80

Determinants of a Case Series of Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD) in Children Under the Age of 5 Years

Almas Nada Salsabila  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Farah Azwinda  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Mutia Nabila Nur Afra  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Destasari Tri Hartanti  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Lady Aqnes Kurniawati  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Julia Elviethasari  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Tamara Aulia Fakhrinnisa  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Arya Fadlilah Pradana  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
*Budi Utomo  -  Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Shifa Fauziyah  -  Akademi Analis Kesehatan Delima Husada Gresik, Indonesia

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease. The epidemic of HFMD has been reported in some countries in the Pacific region, every three years in America, and almost every year in China. This study is conducted to determine risk factors that correlate with HFMD in children under five years old in Dusun Sengkrakan, Lawang. This study is a cross-sectional study with an analytical observational approach.

Method: The sample size was determined by total sampling, including 54 mothers with children under five years old in Dusun Sengkrakan, Lawang. The result was then analyzed with a statistical package for the social science (SPSS).

Results: This study shows that there is a significant correlation between children’s age (p = 0.012) and HFMD occurrence, meanwhile, sex, birth weight, gestational age, exclusive breastfeeding, number of siblings in the house, and mother’s age have no significant correlation with HFMD occurrence. Children's age is the most dominant factor among other independent variables [p = 0.017; OR 2.849 (95% CI: 1.203 – 6.750)]. The result of this study is expected to raise public awareness of promotive and preventive measures against HFMD for the public purpose of preventing HFMD outbreaks in Indonesia

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: determinants;Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD);children under the age of 5 years;risk factors;protective factors

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Women's Perception Regarding Breastfeeding Support in Workplace: A Scoping Review Social Demographic Dimensions of Contraceptive Use in the Land of Papua: A Cross-Sectional Approach Embracing The Vanguard Role: Obstacles Faced by Health Cadres in Fulfilling Societal Responsibilities More recent articles
Most cited articles
Perilaku Kepatuhan Perawat Melaksanakan SOP Terhadap Kejadian Keselamatan Pasien di Rumah Sakit X Kendari Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Praktik Wanita Pekerja Seks (WPS) Jalanan Dalam Upaya Pencegahan IMS Dan HIV/AIDS Di Sekitar Alun-Alun Dan Candi Prambanan Kabupaten Klaten Perilaku Ibu Hamil Untuk Tes HIV di Kelurahan Bandarharjo dan Tanjung Mas Kota Semarang Perbedaan Tekanan Darah Pada Pekerja Yang Terpapar Panas Di Industri Sale Pisang Suka Senang Kabupaten Ciamis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Praktik Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja Di SMA Negeri 1 Purbalingga Kabupaten Purbalingga More cited articles
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 13]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/index.html
  2. Kua JA, Pang J. The epidemiological risk factors of hand, foot, mouth disease among children in Singapore: A retrospective case-control study. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 1;15(8):1–24
  3. Li W, Teng G, Tong H, Jiao Y, Zhang T, Chen H, et al. Study on Risk Factors for Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 29;9(1):1–6
  4. Widaty S, Soebono H, Listiawan M, Siswati A, Triwahyudi D, Rosita C, et al., editors. Panduan Praktik Klinis bagi Dokter Spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin di Indonesia. In Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin Indonesia (PERDOSKI); 2017
  5. Zhao T, Du J, Sun D, Zhu Q, Chen L, Ye C, et al. A review and meta‐analysis of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of coxsackievirus A6 causing hand‐foot‐mouth disease in China and global implications. Rev Med Virol. 2020 Mar 6;30(2):2–5
  6. Chew SP, Chong SL, Barbier S, Matthew A, Lee JH, Chan YH. Risk factors for severe hand foot mouth disease in Singapore: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 31;15(486):1–6
  7. Xiao Y, Zhou J, Zhang H, Ding C, Shi P. Epidemiological and aetiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease cases 2011–2017 in Yixing, China. Infect Dis. 2018 Dec 2;50(11–12):859–61
  8. Shi C, Liu J, Shi P, Ji H, Shen Y, Qian YH. Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot, and mouth disease reinfection in Wuxi, China, 2008–2016. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Dec 19;18(1):472
  9. Chan KP, Goh KT, Chong CY, Teo ES, Lau G, Ling AE. Epidemic Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Caused by Human Enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jan;9(1):78–85
  10. Deng T, Huang Y, Yu S, Gu J, Huang C. Spatial-Temporal Clusters and Risk Factors of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease at the District Level in. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):1–8
  11. Wang YR, Sun LL, Xiao WL, Chen LY, Wang XF, Pan DM. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hand foot, and mouth disease in a Shenzhen sentinel hospital from 2009 to 2011. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Nov 13;13(1):1–4
  12. Yin F, Ma Y, Zhao X, Lv Q, Liu Y, Li X, et al. Analysis of the effect of PM10 on hand, foot and mouth disease in a basin terrain city. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 1;9(1):1–5
  13. Ang LW, Phoon MC, Wu Y, Cutter J, James L, Chow VT. The changing seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection among children and adolescents in Singapore. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Oct 11;11(1):1–7
  14. Reimers AK, Schoeppe S, Demetriou Y, Knapp G. Physical Activity and Outdoor Play of Children in Public Playgrounds—Do Gender and Social Environment Matter? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul 1;15(7):1–11
  15. Xing W, Liao Q, Viboud C, Zhang J, Sun J, Wu JT, et al. Hand, foot, and mouth disease in China, 2008–12: an epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Apr 1;14(4):308–18
  16. Zhao J, Jiang F, Zhong L, Sun J, Ding J. Age patterns and transmission characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Nov 21;16(1):1–11
  17. Wang J, Teng Z, Cui X, Li C, Pan H, Zheng Y, et al. Epidemiological and serological surveillance of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Shanghai, China, 2012-2016 article. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018 Dec 1;7(1):1–11
  18. Xia Y, Shan J, Ji H, Zhang J, Yang H, Shen Q, et al. Study of the epidemiology and etiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Suzhou City, East China, 2011–2014. Arch Virol. 2016 Jul 1;161(7):1933–43
  19. Koh WM, Bogich T, Siegel K, Jin J, Chong EY, Tan CY, et al. The Epidemiology of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review and Analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Sep 24;35(10):e285–92
  20. Murray PR, Rosenthal K, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2020
  21. Ahmed R, Oldstone MBA, Palese P. Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic. Nature Immunology 2007 8:11. 2007 Oct 19;8(11):1188–93
  22. Jin Y, Zhang R, Wu W, Duan G. Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses Linked to Epidemic Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease. Front Microbiol. 2018 Oct 8;9:1–8
  23. Rabenau HF, Richter M, Doerr HW. Hand, foot and mouth disease: Seroprevalence of Coxsackie A16 and Enterovirus 71 in Germany. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2010 Feb 26;199(1):45–51
  24. Chaiwut B, Anuwatnonthakate A, Apidechkul T. Factors Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Among Children in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand: a Hospital-Based Study. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health; Bangkok. 2019 Mar;50(2):357–71
  25. Bruning AH, Sanden SM van der, Hoedt AE ten, Wolthers KC, Kaam AH van, Pajkrt D. An atypical course of coxsackievirus A6 associated hand, foot and mouth disease in extremely low birth weight preterm twins. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015 Apr;65:20–2
  26. Lu YP, Zeng DY, Chen YP, Liang XJ, Xu JP, Huang SM, et al. Low Birth Weight is Associated with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Clin Lab. 2013;59(9–10):985–92
  27. Raqib R, Alam DS, Sarker P, Ahmad SM, Ara G, Yunus M, et al. Low birth weight is associated with altered immune function in rural Bangladeshi children: a birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):845–52
  28. Moore SE, Collinson AC, Prentice AM. Immune function in rural Gambian children is not related to season of birth, birth size, or maternal supplementation status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):840–7
  29. Zhu Q, Li Y, Li N, Han Q, Liu Z, Li Z, et al. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding, autumn birth and increased gestational age are associated with lower risk of fever in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2012 Sep 26;31(9):2197–202
  30. Chen SM, Du JW, Jin YM, Qiu L, Du ZH, Li DD, et al. Risk Factors for Severe Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Children in Hainan, China, 2011-2012. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2015 Oct 6;27(7):715–22
  31. Lin H, Sun L, Lin J, He J, Deng A, Kang M, et al. Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against hand, foot and mouth disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 4;14(1):1–7
  32. Chang LY, King CC, Hsu KH, Ning HC, Tsao KC, Li CC, et al. Risk Factors of Enterovirus 71 Infection and Associated Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease/Herpangina in Children During an Epidemic in Taiwan. Pediatrics. 2002 Jun 1;109(6):e88
  33. Ślebioda Z, Dorocka-Bobkowska B. Hand, foot and mouth disease as an emerging public health problem: Case report of familial child-to-adult transmission. Dent Med Probl. 2018 Mar 30;55(1):99–104
  34. Costagliola G, Spada E, Consolini R. Age‐related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID‐19. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021 Jun 10;9(2):331–9
  35. Wagner A, Garner-Spitzer E, Jasinska J, Kollaritsch H, Stiasny K, Kundi M, et al. Age-related differences in humoral and cellular immune responses after primary immunisation: indications for stratified vaccination schedules. Sci Rep. 2018 Jun 29;8(1):1–10
  36. Ruan F, Yang T, Ma H, Jin Y, Song S, Fontaine RE, et al. Risk Factors for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Herpangina and the Preventive Effect of Hand-washing. Pediatrics. 2011 Apr 1;127(4):e898–904
  37. Xie YH, Chongsuvivatwong V, Tan Y, Tang ZZ, Sornsrivichai V, McNeil EB. Important roles of public playgrounds in the transmission of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2015 May 6;143(7):1432–41
  38. Xie J, Li D, Xie GC, Hu Y, Zhang Q, Kong X, et al. Inactivation of EV71 by Exposure to Heat and Ultraviolet Light. Bing du xue bao = Chinese journal of virology / [bian ji, Bing du xue bao bian ji wei yuan hui]. 2015 Nov;31:500–6
  39. Vaidya V, Dhere R, Agnihotri S, Muley R, Patil S, Pawar A. Ultraviolet-C irradiation for inactivation of viruses in foetal bovine serum. Vaccine. 2018 Jul;36(29):4215–21
  40. Handayani S. Hubungan antara Pengetahuan dengan Sikap Pencegahan Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) pada Ibu Balita di Perengdawe Desa Balaicatur Gamping Sleman. Jurnal Kesehatan Samodra Ilmu. 2020 Feb;8(2):179–88
  41. Inta C, Apidechkul T, Sittisarn S, Wongnuch P, Laor P, Suma Y, et al. Factors associated with hand foot mouth disease among children in day care center, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2017 Jul 7;7(7):391–5
  42. Rajamoorthy Y, Tin OH, Taib NM, Munusamy S, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M, et al. Parents’ knowledge and awareness towards hand foot mouth disease in Malaysia: A survey in Selangor. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022 May 1;15(101027):1–7
  43. Njau JD, Stephenson R, Menon MP, Kachur SP, McFarland DA. Investigating the Important Correlates of Mother’s educational level and Childhood Malaria Infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Sep 9;91(3):509–19
  44. Balaj M, York HW, Sripada K, Besnier E, Vonen HD, Aravkin A, et al. Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2021 Aug 14;398(10300):608–20
  45. Li P, Huang Y, Zhu D, Yang S, Hu D. Risk Factors for Severe Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr. 2021 Nov 10;9:1–9

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-01-21 04:20:15

No citation recorded.