DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jpki.20.2.102-108

Quality of Life, Perceived Stigma, and Depression among People Living with HIV/AIDS

*Claudio Stefanovic orcid  -  Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia
Ika Febianti Buntoro  -  Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia
Iswaningsih Iswaningsih  -  Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia
Dickson Alan Legoh  -  Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 Authors under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: The intersecting challenges of a growing population of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), efforts to improve their quality of life (QoL), and the ongoing persistence of stigma contribute to an increasing incidence of depression among PLWHA. Existing research presents conflicting evidence and seldom addresses the interplay between QoL, perceived stigma, and levels of depression. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the effects of QoL and perceived stigma on the depression levels of PLWHA.

Method: A cross-sectional study involving 97 PLWHA was conducted. The face-to-face measures included the WHOQOL-BREF, the Modified Berger HIV Stigma Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). An ordinal logistic regression model was employed to identify associations between QoL, perceived stigma, depression, and other potential predictor variables.

Result: Among the 97 PLWHA, the majority were male (55.7%), belonged to the early adult age group (39.2%), and had completed senior high school (53.6%). The QoL results indicated that 47.4% reported good QoL, while 52.6% reported poor QoL. Regarding perceived stigma, 50.5% felt not stigmatized, whereas 49.5% felt stigmatized. The levels of depression were categorized as follows: normal/not depressed (68%), mildly depressed (11.3%), moderately depressed (8.2%), severely depressed (6.2%), and very severely depressed (6.2%). This research underscores that QoL serves as a protective factor against depression and mitigates the negative effects of stigma on mental health, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions and holistic approaches.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: quality of life; perceived stigma; depression; People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA); Indonesia

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Design and Development of an Interactive Sex Education Book for Kindergarten Children Designing Health Education Model Overcoming Dating Violence for High School Students Being Faithful, Condom Use, No Drug Use and Circumcision Behavior in Men Sex with Men Group More recent articles
Most cited articles
Beberapa Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Keluhan Nyeri Punggung Bawah Pada Penjual Jamu Gendong Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Praktik Wanita Pekerja Seks (WPS) Jalanan Dalam Upaya Pencegahan IMS Dan HIV/AIDS Di Sekitar Alun-Alun Dan Candi Prambanan Kabupaten Klaten Perilaku Menggosok Gigi pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Kelas V dan VI di Kecamatan Sumberejo Analisis Faktor yang Berpengaruh dalam Swamedikasi Antibiotik pada Ibu Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Kajen Kebupaten Pekalongan Faktor Risiko Low Back Pain pada Pekerja Pemetik Teh di Perkebunan Teh Ciater Kabupaten Subang More cited articles
  1. World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
  2. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Eksekutif Perkembangan HIV AIDS & Penyakit lnfeksi Menular Seksual (PIMS) Tahun 2023. 2023; Available from: https://siha.kemkes.go.id/portal/files_upload/Laporan_2023.pdf
  3. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Eksekutif Perkembangan HIV AIDS & Penyakit lnfeksi Menular Seksual (PIMS) Triwulan IV Tahun 2022. 2022 [Internet]. Available from: https://siha.kemkes.go.id/portal/files_upload/Laporan_TW_3_2022.pdf
  4. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2022 [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://ntt.bps.go.id/id/publication/2022/02/25/cc3b48ec498e16518636e415/provinsi-nusa-tenggara-timur-dalam-angka-2022.html
  5. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam Angka 2024 [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://ntt.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/02/28/56eb9d4253a9d35283615899/provinsi-nusa-tenggara-timur-dalam-angka-2024.html
  6. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jumlah Kasus Penyakit Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Jenis Penyakit (Jiwa) [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://ntt.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTQ4NSMy/jumlah-kasus-penyakit-menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-jenis-penyakit.html
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/index.html
  8. Lee Y, Lin P-Y, Huang Y-C, Chiu N-M, Hung C-F, Wang L-J. The Morbidity and Associated Factors of Depression in Caregivers of Patients with Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat [Internet]. 2023 Aug;Volume 19:1853–64. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/the-morbidity-and-associated-factors-of-depression-in-caregivers-of-pa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT
  9. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 dalam Angka [Internet]. Vol. 01. 2023. Available from: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/hasil-ski-2023/
  10. Betancur MN, Lins L, Oliveira IR de, Brites C. Quality of Life, Anxiety and Depression in Patients with HIV/AIDS who Present Poor Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Salvador, Brazil. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2017;21(5):507–14
  11. Wani MA. Social support, self-esteem and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jammu & Kashmir India. An Psicol. 2020;36(2):232–41
  12. Pendet NMDP, Yona S, Yulia. Depression, Stigma, and Quality Of Life among Elderly with HIV/AIDS in Bali. Babali Nurs Res. 2020;1(3):100–11
  13. Elisha J, Yuliadi I, Sjarifah I. Hubungan Perceived Stigma dengan Tingkat Depresi pada Orang dengan HIV/AIDS di Kelompok Dukungan Sebaya Solo Plus Kota Surakarta. Plex Med J. 2022;1(5):166–71
  14. Siregar ML, Abdullah V, Mamfaluti T. Correlation of Depression and Quality of Life in HIV/AIDS Patients. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018;125(1)
  15. Pujiati E, Icca N. Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Depresi Pada Penderita Hiv/Aids (Odha). J Profesi Keperawatan. 2021;8(2):163–78
  16. Putri A, Fitri LDN. Hubungan Tingkat Depresi dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada ODHA di Puskesmas Temindung Samarinda. Borneo Student Res. 2021;2(2):818–26
  17. Reynolds Z, Gilbert R, Sentongo R, Meyer AC, Saylor D, Okello S, et al. Examining the Associations Between HIV-Related Stigma and Health Outcomes in People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Series of Meta-Analyses. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25(S4):97–104
  18. Turi E, Simegnew D, Fekadu G, Tolossa T, Desalegn M, Bayisa L, et al. High Perceived Stigma among People Living with HIV/AIDS in a Resource Limited Setting in Western Ethiopia: The Effect of Depression and Low Social Support. HIV/AIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2021;13:389–97
  19. Beyamo A, Bashe T, Facha W, Moshago T. Depression and Associated Factors Among Adult Hiv/Aids Patients Attending Antiretroviral Therapy At Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. HIV/AIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2020;12:707–15
  20. Konstantinus H, Shaluhiyah Z, Suryoputro A. Stigma Masyarakat terhadap ODHA di Kota Kupang Provinsi NTT. J Promosi Kesehat Indones. 2017;12(1):62–7
  21. Handayani F, Dewi FST. Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Hidup Orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) di Kota Kupang. Ber Kedokt Masy. 2017;33(11):509
  22. Zainudin H, Meo MLN, Tanaem N. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Hidup Orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) di LSM Perjuangan Kupang. Keperawatan stikes citra husada mandiri kupang. 2018;03:16–8
  23. Soan TLC, Ndoen HI, Landi S. Overview of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels of PLWHA. J Heal Behav Sci. 2023;4(4):610–8
  24. Didi A, Manurung IFE, Sir AB. Pengetahuan dan Stigma Keluarga ODHA terhadap Orang yang Terinfeksi HIV dan AIDS di Kota Kupang. J Heal Behav Sci. 2020;2(1):10–7
  25. Tran BX, Dang AK, Truong NT, Ha GH, Nguyen HLT, Do HN, et al. Depression and Quality of Life among Patients Living with HIV/AIDS in the Era of Universal Treatment Access in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):1–14
  26. Deshmukh NN, Borkar AM, Deshmukh JS. Depression and Its Associated Factors Among People Living with HIV/AIDS: Can It Affect Their Quality of Life? J Fam Med Prim Care. 2017;6(3):549
  27. Demirel OF, Mayda PY, Yıldız N, Sağlam H, Koçak BT, Habip Z, et al. Self-Stigma, Depression, and Anxiety Levels of People Living with HIV in Turkey. Eur J Psychiatry. 2018;32(4):182–6
  28. Qiao Y chao, Xu Y, Jiang D xiang, Wang X, Wang F, Yang J, et al. Epidemiological Analyses of Regional and Age Differences of HIV/AIDS Prevalence in China, 2004–2016. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;81:215–20
  29. Daundasekara SS, Arlinghaus KR, Johnston CA. Quality of Life: The Primary Goal of Lifestyle Intervention. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020;14(3):267–70
  30. Karkashadze E, Gates MA, Chkhartishvili N, DeHovitz J, Tsertsvadze T. Assessment of quality of life in people living with HIV in Georgia. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28(7):672–8
  31. Mariany BS, Asfriyati, Sanusi SR. Stigma, Depresi, dan Kualitas Hidup Penderita HIV : Studi pada Komunitas “Lelaki Seks dengan Lelaki” di Pematangsiantar. BKM J Community Med Public Heal. 2019;35(4):139–46
  32. Wedajo S, Degu G, Deribew A, Ambaw F. Social Support, Perceived Stigma, and Depression among PLHIV on Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy using Structural Equation Modeling in a Multicenter Study in Northeast Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2022;16(1):1–10
  33. Mendonca CJ, Newton-John TRO, Alperstein DM, Begley K, Hennessy RM, Bulsara SM. Quality of Life of People Living with HIV in Australia: The Role of Stigma, Social Disconnection and Mental Health. AIDS Behav. 2022; 47:545-57

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-12-20 10:15:44

No citation recorded.