DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jpki.21.1.17-25

Exploring the Impact of Lifestyle Habits and Environmental Factors on the Risk of Hypertension in Rural Populations

*Apriza Apriza orcid scopus  -  Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai, Indonesia
Zainab Mohd Shafie  -  Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
Prapaporn Langputeh  -  Faculty of Nursing, Fatoni University, Thailand
Muhammad Nurman  -  Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 Authors under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: Hypertension remains a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and kidney failure, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to healthcare is often limited. This study explores the impact of lifestyle habits and environmental factors on the risk of hypertension in rural ethnic minority populations.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,500 participants from the rural area of Tarai Bangun village in Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, focusing on lifestyle habits such as eating habits, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and environmental conditions like air quality, pedestrian convenience, and access to health. This study used stratified random sampling, bivariate test analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. This study aimed to determine the impact of lifestyle habits and environmental factors on hypertension in rural communities.

Result: The prevalence of hypertension in this population was 45.6%, with rural areas having a higher incidence of systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH) than urban populations, who had a higher prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). Major lifestyle factors such as smoking (39.7%), alcohol consumption (45.6%), and high sodium intake, all had a substantial association with hypertension in both urban and rural settings. Environmental factors such as poor pedestrian convenience and limited access to healthcare were found to contribute to a higher prevalence of hypertension among rural populations. In contrast, better air quality and access to green space were associated with lower rates of hypertension in urban settings. Socio-economic factors, especially lower income and education levels, are also associated with an increased risk of hypertension. The study highlights the importance of tailored public health interventions in rural ethnic minority populations, with a focus on reducing risky behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, improving eating habits, and increasing access to health care. In addition, urban and environmental planning policies that encourage physical activity and improve air quality can considerably lower the risk of hypertension in urban populations. These findings underscore the importance of addressing lifestyle and environmental factors when managing hypertension in underserved rural communities.

 

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: hypertension;rural populations;lifestyle factors;environmental factors;ethnic minorities

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
The Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Social Support, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity among Adolescents Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Advertisements on the Internet and Smoking Behavior in Adolescents Exploring the Impact of Lifestyle Habits and Environmental Factors on the Risk of Hypertension in Rural Populations More recent articles
Most cited articles
Perbedaan Efektifitas Metode Demonstrasi Dengan Pemutaran Video Tentang Pemberantasan DBD Terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Anak SD Di Kecamatan Wedarijaksa Kabupaten Pati Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Praktik Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja Di SMA Negeri 1 Purbalingga Kabupaten Purbalingga Analisis Faktor yang Berpengaruh dalam Swamedikasi Antibiotik pada Ibu Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Kajen Kebupaten Pekalongan Perilaku Ibu Hamil untuk Tes HIV di Kelurahan Bandarharjo dan Tanjung Mas Kota Semarang Perbedaan Tekanan Darah Pada Pekerja Yang Terpapar Panas Di Industri Sale Pisang Suka Senang Kabupaten Ciamis More cited articles
  1. Apriza, Andriani M, Carles, Trisnowati T, Shafie ZM. A Systematic Review of Cupping Therapy: A Case Study of Hypertension. J Pharm Result Negative. 2022; 13(4):1190–8
  2. Sukonthasarn A, Borghi C, Chan YH, Cheng F, Choi HI, Mehta R, et al. East meets West: Bringing ESH hypertension guidelines 2023 to Asia. Eur J Internship Med. 2024;127:25–30
  3. Solfaine R. The Role of Averrhoa bilimbi Extract in Increasing Serum Nitric Oxide Concentration and Vascular Dilatation in Ethanol-Induced Hypertension Rats. Previously Nutr Food Sci. 2021; 26(2)186-191
  4. Yang Y, Ma L, Li T, et al. Dietary habits and activities associated with hypertension in school-age children and adolescents. Kunming: A multilevel analysis of a study of hypertension risk in children and adolescents. Previous Med report. 2024;46 (June 2023)
  5. Saiki Y, Otsuka T, Nishiyama Y, Kato K, Asai K, Kawada T. Smoking cessation and the likelihood of developing hypertension in the working-age male population: Impact of weight change. Am J Med. 2024;138(2):245-53
  6. Yuan L, Qu C, Zhao J, Lu L, Chen J, Xu Y, et al. Dose-response relationship between body mass index and hypertension: A cross-sectional study from East China. Previous Medical Report. 2024;46(May): 102852
  7. Cheng Z, Zeng Q, Zhu C, Yang G. Association between joint physical activity and sleep duration and hypertension in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional NHANES study. Sleep Heal J Natl Sleep Found. 2024;(xxxx):1–7
  8. de Zorzi VN, de Paiva Neto FT, Hubbler Figueiró T, Macedo D de A, Alves LG, Tozetto WR, et al. What is the role of leisure physical activity in the relationship between environmental characteristics and hypertension in older adults? EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study. Previous Med report. 2024;47 (October)
  9. Zhong H, Dong Y, Tao Y, Pan C-W, Peng Y, Cai H, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension subtypes among adult ethnic Dai in rural China. Previous Medical Report. 2019;47 (September):102886
  10. Sambou ML, Bafei SEC, Bass P. Factors associated with knowledge of risk factors and symptoms of hypertension among Gambian women: A cross-sectional study based on the Gambia Demographic and Health Survey. Previous Med report. 2024;42(May)
  11. Nisa H, Pratiwi SH, Nasution E. Association of Individual Characteristics and Nutritional Status with Hypertension in Adults. J Indonesian Health Promotion. 2022;18(1):8–15
  12. Bailey J, Oliveri A, Levin E. Built Environment and Blood Pressure Changes in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Bone. 2013; 23(1):1–7
  13. Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for high blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(11):785–802
  14. Nguyen Trong H, Nguyen Thi H, Le Duc C, Bui Thi T, Nguyen Phuong L, Tran Thi MN, et al. Factors associated with Uncontrolled Hypertension among elderly hypertension in Rural Areas of Vietnam. Clin Nutr Open Sci. 2024;56:228–40
  15. Rachmawati E, Riskiyah, Novindra QA, Syarifah NA, Aisy NR. Relationship between lifestyle factors and hypertension control in Indonesian primary health care settings: A cross-sectional study. Doctor Fam Malaysia. 2024;19:1–11
  16. Krithika TT, Patle BS, Jain S, Vidya GS. Comparative Study of the Prevalence of Hypertension Among Tobacco Consumers in Adults Rural and Urban Field Practice Area in Private Medical Colleges and Hospitals, Bangalore. Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2023;15(7):840–8
  17. Mielke GI, Ding D, Keating SE, Nunes BP, Brady R, Brown WJ. Volume, frequency, and intensity of physical activity: Association with hypertension and obesity over 21 years in Australian women. J Sport Heal Sci. 2024;13(5):631–41
  18. Ranzani OT, Kalra A, Di Girolamo C, Curto A, Valerio F, Halonen JI, et al. Urban-rural differences in hypertension prevalence in low- and middle-income countries, 1990-2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2022;19(8):1–19
  19. Avila-Palencia I, Rodríguez DA, Miranda JJ, Moore K, Gouveia N, Moran MR, et al. Association of Urban Environmental Features with Hypertension and Blood Pressure in 230 Latin American Cities. Environmental Health Perspective. 2022;130(2):1–10
  20. James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Incidence, prevalence and years of life with disabilities global, regional, and national for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and regions, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the 2017 Global Disease Burden Study. Lancet. 2018; 392(10159):1789–858
  21. Coogan PF, White LF, Yu J, Brook RD, Burnett RT, Marshall JD, et al. Long-term exposure to NO2 and ozone and incidence of hypertension in a study of black women's health. Am J Hypertension. 2017;30(4):367–72
  22. Abbasi B, Pourmirzaei M, Hariri S, Heshmat R, Qorbani M, Dadvand P, et al. Subjective Proximity to Green Space and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A CASPIAN-V Study. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020
  23. Najafi E, Ghahari N. Investigated the relationship between the characteristics of the built environment and obesity among primary school children in selected urban areas of Tehran. Comput Urban Sci. 2025;5(1)
  24. Blok S, Haggenburg S, Collard D, Van der Linden EL, Galenkamp H, Moll van Charante EP, et al. The relationship between socioeconomic status and the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in different ethnic groups: a Healthy Living in Urban Settings study. J Hypertens. 2022;40(5):897–907
  25. Zacher M. Educational Differences in Hypertension Prevalence and Blood Pressure Percentile in Health and Retirement Studies. Gerontol Journal - Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2023;78(9):1535–44

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-09-29 12:07:27

No citation recorded.