DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.28.4.183-194

Enhanced Anode Performance in Yeast Microbial Fuel Cells via Optimized Calcination of Eggshell Using Response Surface Method

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

2Master Program of Energy, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

3Research Collaboration Center of Electrochemistry, BRIN-Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, South Tangerang, Indonesia

5 Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea

6 Asosiasi Peneliti Indonesia di Korea (APIK), Seoul 07342, South Korea

View all affiliations
Received: 10 Nov 2024; Revised: 26 Feb 2025; Accepted: 15 Mar 2025; Published: 31 May 2025.
Open Access Copyright 2025 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

This study aims to explore the potential of calcined eggshells as an economical and effective anode material in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). This research examines the enhancement of calcined eggshells as an anode material in MFCs by operating condition optimization using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The experimental findings underscore the substantial influence of temperature and the eggshell/NaOH ratio on voltage and maximum power density (MPD). Raising the calcination temperature from 550°C to 700°C improves both voltage and MPD, with peak performance seen at 700°C. Nonetheless, performance stabilizes above 850°C. The eggshell/NaOH ratio is significant, with enhancements seen at an optimum ratio of 4. ANOVA analysis indicates that the model accounts for 79.89% of the variability in voltage and 82.74% in MPD, while the modified R-squared values imply possible overfitting. Optimal calcination parameters (704.55°C and a ratio of 2.52) improve the microstructural characteristics of calcined eggshells and crystallinity, which are essential for electron transport and bacterial adhesion. SEM study indicates a morphological transition to a rough, porous structure, whilst XRD and FTIR investigations validate the conversion from calcium carbonate to calcium hydroxide, enhancing electrochemical characteristics. This study highlights the promise of optimized calcined eggshells as economical and effective materials for microbial fuel cells, advancing sustainable energy and materials science.

Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Thermal treatment; Porous; Electrochemical properties; Microbial adhesion; Microbial Fuel Cells; Waste-to-Energy
Funding: Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) and Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) - The Ministry of Finance through scheme Riset dan Inovasi untuk Indonesia Maju (RIIM) Batch-2 2nd year (No. 93/IV/KS/11/2022 and 652/UN7.D2/KS/XI/2022).

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Pengaruh Agen Pencangkok Heparin terhadap Kemampuan Transpor Kreatinin dan Urea Membran Turunan Kitosan Penentuan Total Kadar Fenol dari Daun Kersen Segar, Kering dan Rontok (Muntingia calabura L.) serta Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dengan Metode DPPH Isolasi Bakteri Endofit pada Rimpang Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale Linn. Var Rubrum) Penghasil Senyawa Antioksidan Analisis Pangan: Penentuan Angka Peroksida dan Asam Lemak Bebas pada Minyak Kedelai dengan Variasi Menggoreng Profil Kandungan Protein dan Tekstur Tahu Akibat Penambahan Fitat pada Proses Pembuatan Tahu More cited articles
  1. Asim Ali Yaqoob, Asma Khatoon, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar, Khalid Umar, Tabassum Parveen, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Akil Ahmad, Mohd Rafatullah, Outlook on the Role of Microbial Fuel Cells in Remediation of Environmental Pollutants with Electricity Generation, Catalysts, 10, 8, (2020), 819 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10080819
  2. Asim Ali Yaqoob, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Khalid Umar, Tabassum Parveen, Akil Ahmad, David Lokhat, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar, A glimpse into the microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment with energy generation, Desalination and Water Treatment, 214, (2021), 379-389 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26737
  3. Saloni Kunwar, Neha Pandey, Pooja Bhatnagar, Gurasees Chadha, Neha Rawat, Naveen Chandra Joshi, Mahipal Singh Tomar, Murat Eyvaz, Prateek Gururani, A concise review on wastewater treatment through microbial fuel cell: sustainable and holistic approach, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 5, (2024), 6723-6737 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31696-x
  4. Najwa Najihah Mohamad Daud, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Asim Ali Yaqoob, Amira Suriaty Yaakop, Mohd Hazwan Hussin, Chua Yong Shen, Abeer A. AlObaid, Optimizing microbial fuel cells performance: An innovative approach integrating anode materials, dual-pollutant treatment, and long-term operation, Fuel, 364, (2024), 131160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131160
  5. Marcelinus Christwardana, Zahra Fauziah, Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono, Investigating the influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on microbial fuel cell performance through bioelectrochemical and biochemical approaches under varied operating conditions, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15, 6, (2025), 8189-8202 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05734-8
  6. F. Silva-Palacios, A. Salvador-Salinas, M. A. Quezada-Alvarez, M. Rodriguez-Yupanqui, Rojas-Flores Segundo, Nazario-Naveda Renny, Luis Cabanillas-Chirinos, Bioelectricity generation through Microbial Fuel Cells using Serratia fonticola bacteria and Rhodotorula glutinis yeast, Energy Reports, 9, (2023), 295-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.255
  7. Roma Agrahari, Büşra Bayar, Haris Nalakath Abubackar, Balendu Shekher Giri, Eldon R. Rene, Radha Rani, Advances in the development of electrode materials for improving the reactor kinetics in microbial fuel cells, Chemosphere, 290, (2022), 133184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133184
  8. Asim Ali Yaqoob, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Claudia Guerrero-Barajas, Modern trend of anodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs): An overview, Environmental Technology & Innovation, 23, (2021), 101579 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101579
  9. Aarti Tundwal, Harish Kumar, Bibin J. Binoj, Rahul Sharma, Gaman Kumar, Rajni Kumari, Ankit Dhayal, Abhiruchi Yadav, Devender Singh, Parvin Kumar, Developments in conducting polymer-, metal oxide-, and carbon nanotube-based composite electrode materials for supercapacitors: a review, RSC Advances, 14, 14, (2024), 9406-9439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D3RA08312H
  10. Mustapha Omenesa Idris, Claudia Guerrero-Barajas, Hyun-Chul Kim, Asim Ali Yaqoob, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Scalability of biomass-derived graphene derivative materials as viable anode electrode for a commercialized microbial fuel cell: A systematic review, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 55, (2023), 277-292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2022.05.009
  11. Anusha Vempaty, Abhilasha Singh and Mathuriya, Strategic development and performance evaluation of functionalized tea waste ash-clay composite as low-cost, high-performance separator in microbial fuel cell, Environmental Technology, 44, 18, (2023), 2713-2724 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2041103
  12. Mustapha Omenesa Idris, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Nur Asshifa Md Noh, Asim Ali Yaqoob, Najwa Najihah Mohamad Daud, M. Hazwan Hussin, Abeer A. AlObaid, Assessment of biomass material as valuable electrode for high energy performance in microbial fuel cell with biodegradation of organic pollutant, Fuel, 371, (2024), 132059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132059
  13. Bolanle M. Babalola, Lee D. Wilson, Valorization of Eggshell as Renewable Materials for Sustainable Biocomposite Adsorbents—An Overview, Journal of Composites Science, 8, 10, (2024), 414 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100414
  14. Nattasak Suwannasingha, Attawut Kantavong, Suriyan Tunkijjanukij, Chakkapat Aenglong, Hong-Bing Liu, Wanwimol Klaypradit, Effect of calcination temperature on structure and characteristics of calcium oxide powder derived from marine shell waste, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 26, 2, (2022), 101441 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101441
  15. Raymond H. Myers, Douglas C. Montgomery, Christine M. Anderson-Cook, Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, John Wiley & Sons, 2016,
  16. M. J. Salar-García, A. de Ramón-Fernández, V. M. Ortiz-Martínez, D. Ruiz-Fernández, I. Ieropoulos, Towards the optimisation of ceramic-based microbial fuel cells: A three-factor three-level response surface analysis design, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 144, (2019), 119-124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.01.015
  17. Mohammadreza Hosseinpour, Manouchehr Vossoughi, Iran Alemzadeh, An efficient approach to cathode operational parameters optimization for microbial fuel cell using response surface methodology, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 12, 1, (2014), 33 https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-33
  18. Jagdeep Kumar Nayak, Saurabh Mishra, Amit, Uttam Kumar Ghosh, Simultaneous Production of Bio-energy and Bio-treatment of Wastewater Using Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell: Optimization and Kinetic Modeling Approach, Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14, 1, (2023), 69-84 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01836-4
  19. Mehdi Sedighi, Saad A. Aljlil, Mohammed Druis Alsubei, Mostafa Ghasemi, Majid Mohammadi, Performance optimisation of microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment and sustainable clean energy generation using response surface methodology, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57, 4, (2018), 4243-4253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.02.012
  20. Muhammad Nihal Naseer, Asad A. Zaidi, Hamdullah Khan, Sagar Kumar, Muhammad Taha bin Owais, Yasmin Abdul Wahab, Kingshuk Dutta, Juhana Jaafar, Nor Aliya Hamizi, Mohammad Aminul Islam, Hanim Hussin, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Hussein Alrobei, Statistical Modeling and Performance Optimization of a Two-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell by Response Surface Methodology, Catalysts, 11, 10, (2021), 1202 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101202
  21. Shu-Hui Liu, Ting-Jun Zhu, Chi-Wen Lin, Cathodes for microbial fuel cells that improve the removal of copper ions from wastewater concomitant with power generation using the response surface methodology, International Journal of Energy Research, 46, 14, (2022), 20415-20424 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7980
  22. H. Hadiyanto, Marcelinus Christwardana, Wahyu Zuli Pratiwi, P. Purwanto, S. Sudarno, Kristinah Haryani, Anh Tuan Hoang, Response surface optimization of microalgae microbial fuel cell (MMFC) enhanced by yeast immobilization for bioelectricity production, Chemosphere, 287, (2022), 132275 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132275
  23. Awais Ahmad, D. Jini, M. Aravind, C. Parvathiraja, Rabia Ali, Maryam Zaheer Kiyani, Asma Alothman, A novel study on synthesis of egg shell based activated carbon for degradation of methylene blue via photocatalysis, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13, 12, (2020), 8717-8722 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.002
  24. Marcelinus Christwardana, J. Joelianingsih, Linda Aliffia Yoshi, H. Hadiyanto, Binderless carbon nanotube/carbon felt anode to improve yeast microbial fuel cell performance, Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 5, (2022), 100323 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100323
  25. Marcelinus Christwardana, Domenico Frattini, Grazia Accardo, Sung Pil Yoon, Yongchai Kwon, Optimization of glucose concentration and glucose/yeast ratio in yeast microbial fuel cell using response surface methodology approach, Journal of Power Sources, 402, (2018), 402-412 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.068
  26. Marcelinus Christwardana, J. Joelianingsih, Satrio Kuntolaksono, Achmad Yanuar Maulana, Effect of NaOH concentration as activator on calcined eggshell and its application for yeast microbial fuel cell, Bioresource Technology Reports, 21, (2023), 101347 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101347
  27. Manickam Minakshi, Stephen Higley, Christian Baur, David R. G. Mitchell, Robert T. Jones, Maximilian Fichtner, Calcined chicken eggshell electrode for battery and supercapacitor applications, RSC Advances, 9, 46, (2019), 26981-26995 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA04289J
  28. Widad El Hayaoui, Naoual Tajat, Chaimae Radaa, Nadia Bougdour, Jallal Zoubir, Abderahim Idelahcen, Malika Tamimi, Samir Qourzal, Ali Assabbane, Idriss Bakas, In situ preparation of eggshell@Ag nanocomposite electrode for highly sensitive detection of antibiotic drug ornidazole in water sample, Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 7, 3, (2022), 635-646 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-022-00272-y
  29. John S Tse, A chemical perspective on high pressure crystal structures and properties, National Science Review, 7, 1, (2019), 149-169 https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz144
  30. Alexiane Godain, Timothy M. Vogel, Pascal Fongarland, Naoufel Haddour, Influence of Hydrodynamic Forces on Electroactive Bacterial Adhesion in Microbial Fuel Cell Anodes, Bioengineering, 10, 12, (2023), 1380 https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10121380
  31. Kaiqi Yang, Yifan Cao, Youtian Zhang, Shaoxun Fan, Ming Tang, Daniel Aberg, Babak Sadigh, Fei Zhou, Self-supervised learning and prediction of microstructure evolution with convolutional recurrent neural networks, Patterns, 2, 5, (2021), 100243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100243
  32. Cancan Peng, Hongli Bai, Mingwu Xiang, Changwei Su, Guiyang Liu, Junming Guo, Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Electrochemical Properties of Spinel LiMn2O4 Prepared by Solid-State Combustion Synthesis, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 9, 4, (2014), 1791-1798 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)07892-6
  33. M. Mahinzad Ghaziani, J. Mazloom, F. E. Ghodsi, Electrospun MgCo2O4 nanofibers as an efficient electrode material for pseudocapacitor applications: Effect of calcination temperature on electrochemical performance, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 152, (2021), 109981 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.109981
  34. Ehsan kianfar, Hamidreza Sayadi, Recent advances in properties and applications of nanoporous materials and porous carbons, Carbon Letters, 32, 7, (2022), 1645-1669 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-022-00395-x
  35. Sikander Hayat, M. Tariq Siddique, Khalil Ahmad, M. Wazir-ud-Din, M. Masood Mahmood, Shakeel Ur Rehman, M. Basim Kakakhel, Sikander M. Mirza, Material characterization and kinetic parameters based thermoluminescence study of Pakistani Onyx pellets, Journal of Luminescence, 236, (2021), 118098 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2021.118098
  36. Hamid Reza Momenian, Sousan Gholamrezaei, Masoud Salavati-Niasari, Behnam Pedram, Farhang Mozaffar, Davood Ghanbari, Sonochemical Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Metal Hydroxide and Carbonate (M:Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba) Nanoparticles, Journal of Cluster Science, 24, 4, (2013), 1031-1042 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-013-0595-y
  37. B. Athanassiadis, P. V. Abbott, L. J. Walsh, The use of calcium hydroxide, antibiotics and biocides as antimicrobial medicaments in endodontics, Australian Dental Journal, 52, s1, (2007), S64-S82 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00527.x
  38. Lina J. Bird, Elizabeth L. Onderko, Daniel A. Phillips, Rebecca L. Mickol, Anthony P. Malanoski, Matthew D. Yates, Brian J. Eddie, Sarah M. Glaven, Engineered living conductive biofilms as functional materials, MRS Communications, 9, 2, (2019), 505-517 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.27
  39. D. S. Suresh, Abdullah Ba Shbil, Sapna Sharanappa, S. P. Vijaykumar, H. Ganesha, S. Veeresh, Y. S. Nagaraju, H. Devendrappa, Enhancement of crystallinity with porosity material through solvent and thermal treated eggshell waste for high-performance supercapacitor applications, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 35, 5, (2024), 330 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12021-9
  40. Douglas C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, Ninth ed., John wiley & sons, 2017,

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-09-04 19:41:31

No citation recorded.