DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.28.9.488-501

Chitosan-Impregnated Activated Carbon Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse for Alizarin Red S Adsorption

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia

Received: 8 Jun 2025; Revised: 1 Nov 2025; Accepted: 5 Nov 2025; Published: 8 Dec 2025.
Open Access Copyright 2025 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

In the present study, a chitosan-impregnated activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse (Cs-Act SB) has been synthesized for the removal of Alizarin Red S (ARS) dye from an aqueous solution. The dried sugarcane bagasse sample was rinsed with 0.5% HCl to eliminate impurities and subsequently dried overnight at 110°C. Thereafter, it was subjected to carbonization in a furnace at 600°C for 2 h to produce sugarcane bagasse biochar (SB). The SB was then chemically activated using NaOH and physically activated in a muffle furnace at 750°C for 2 h to produce activated carbon (Act-SB). The obtained Act-SB was then modified using chitosan to yield Cs-Act SB biocomposite. The Act-SB and Cs-Act SB were characterized based on moisture content and ash content, pH points of zero charge (pHPZC), FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TGA-DTA analysis. The Cs-Act SB has a moisture content of 4.0% and an ash content of 3.40%, respectively. The results show that the adsorbent process is desirable at low pH under acidic conditions (pH 2) with a pHPZC of 4.58. Based on the FT-IR spectra, the characteristic peaks of the chitosan were shown for Cs-Act SB at 3440 cm−1 due to the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl and amino functional group. The surface of Cs-Act SB has an irregular and heterogeneous surface and has high carbon content (84.42%). The TGA-DTA results showed the stability of Cs-Act SB with respect to temperature. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms are best described by the Langmuir model for both Act-SB and Cs-Act SB. The determined Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of Cs-Act SB and Act-SB for the ARS dye adsorption were 78.13 mg g−1 and 30.03 mg g−1, respectively. Kinetics and adsorption isotherm studies suggest that the capacity, equilibrium constant, and energy of the Cs-Act SB in adsorbing ARS dye are improved compared to Act-SB.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: adsorption; alizarin red; activated carbon; sugarcane bagasse; chitosan
Funding: Universitas Sebelas Maret under contract 371/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2025

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Chitosan-Impregnated Activated Carbon Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse for Alizarin Red S Adsorption Comparative Study on the Effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) Concentration on the Structure and Performance of Chitosan Membranes for Phosphate Ion Filtration Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Leaf Extract: Structure, Morphology, and Photocatalytic Performance for Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange Degradation by UV Light Irradiation More recent articles
Most cited articles
Asam Anakardat dari Kulit Biji Jambu Mete (Anacardium Occidentale L) yang Mempunyai Aktivitas Sitotoksik Pemanfaatan Montmorillonit Terpilar Al-Cr pada Adsorpsi Zat Warna Rhodamin B dengan Variasi Massa Adsorben dan Waktu Adsorpsi Preparasi Katalis Zeolit Alam Asam sebagai Katalis dalam Proses Pirolisis Katalitik Polietilena Analisis Pangan: Penentuan Angka Peroksida dan Asam Lemak Bebas pada Minyak Kedelai dengan Variasi Menggoreng Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antibakteri Produk Fermentasi Susu Kedelai dan Whey Tahu menggunakan Bakteri Asam Laktat Komersial More cited articles
  1. S. Aravindhan, G. Bharath Kumar, M. Saravanan, A. Arumugam, Delonix regia biomass as an eco-friendly biosorbent for effective Alizarin Red S textile dye removal: Characterization, kinetics, and isotherm studies, Bioresource Technology Reports, 25, (2024), 101721 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101721
  2. Parya Ezati, Jong-Whan Rhim, Mehran Moradi, Hossein Tajik, Rahim Molaei, CMC and CNF-based alizarin incorporated reversible pH-responsive color indicator films, Carbohydrate Polymers, 246, (2020), 116614 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116614
  3. M. H. Connolly, P. C. Yelick, High-throughput methods for visualizing the teleost skeleton: capturing autofluorescence of alizarin red, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 26, 2, (2010), 274-277 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01419.x
  4. Jinfeng Zhou, Yuqian Sun, Chuanqiang Zhou, Xiaohuan Sun, Jie Han, Polyaniline/carbon hybrids: Synthesis and application for alizarin red S removal from water, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 676, (2023), 132204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132204
  5. Xiaohui Mao, Jiaqi Li, Yinghui Li, Tian Si, Jie Shang, Shengbao Cai, Xin Gao, Lincai Peng, Heng Zhang, The top-down construction of cornstalk-based columns as self-adaptive bio-adsorbents for selective dye adsorption from wastewater, Separation and Purification Technology, 359, (2025), 130493 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130493
  6. Asmaa Abuessawy, Amr Fouda, Adel A. H. Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed A. Hawata, Nora A. Hamad, A new Modified Heterocyclic-Magnetite Chitosan Nanocomposite for Efficient Alizarin Red Dye Removal: Adsorption Analysis and Antibacterial Activity, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 32, 2, (2024), 826-841 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-03002-w
  7. George Joseph, Sunaja Devi Kalathiparambil Rajendra Pai, Arun Varghese, Dephan Pinheiro, Mothi Krishna Mohan, Sony J. Chundattu, Adsorptive capacity of PANI/Bi2O3 composite through isotherm and kinetics studies on alizarin red, Journal of Molecular Structure, 1308, (2024), 138095 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138095
  8. Jisha Joseph, Raji Chorenjeth Radhakrishnan, Johnly Kannanaikkal Johnson, Steny Pereppadan Joy, Jency Thomas, Ion-exchange mediated removal of cationic dye-stuffs from water using ammonium phosphomolybdate, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 242, (2020), 122488 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122488
  9. Chensi Shen, Yuting Pan, Deli Wu, Yanbiao Liu, Chunyan Ma, Fang Li, Huijie Ma, Yaopeng Zhang, A crosslinking-induced precipitation process for the simultaneous removal of poly(vinyl alcohol) and reactive dye: The importance of covalent bond forming and magnesium coagulation, Chemical Engineering Journal, 374, (2019), 904-913 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.203
  10. Yushu Sui, Zhonghua Tang, Yixuan Liu, Xin Tong, Ning Chen, Dongru Chen, Qiuyu Miao, Yan Wang, Xiaorui Guo, Ning Cao, Jinhui Pang, Mixed dimensional assembly of biodegradable and antifouling wood-based covalent organic framework composite membranes for rapid and efficient dye/salt separation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 480, (2024), 136012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136012
  11. Zabihollah Yousefi, Ali Zafarzadeh, Reza Ali Mohammadpour, Ebrahim Zarei, Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh, Abdolaziz Ghezel, Electrochemical removal of acid red 18 dye from synthetic wastewater using a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor, Desalination and Water Treatment, 165, (2019), 352-361 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24502
  12. Tayyaba Jamil, Role of advance oxidation processes (AOPs) in textile wastewater treatment: A critical review, Desalination and Water Treatment, 318, (2024), 100387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100387
  13. M. M. Hassan, Z. N. Abudi, M. H. Al-Furaiji, Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes Embedded with Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Dye Removal Performance, Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings, 16, 2, (2023), 165-179 https://doi.org/10.30509/pccc.2022.167016.1185
  14. Amir Ikhlaq, Sidra Shabbir, Farhan Javed, Mosin Kazmi, Abdullah Yasir, Umair Yaqub Qazi, Mahrukh Zafar, Fei Qi, Catalytic ozonation combined electroflocculation for the removal of Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution using CuMn2O4/RGO coated zeolites, Desalination and Water Treatment, 259, (2022), 221-229 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28435
  15. Giulia Rossella Delpiano, Davide Tocco, Luca Medda, Edmond Magner, Andrea Salis, Adsorption of Malachite Green and Alizarin Red S Dyes Using Fe-BTC Metal Organic Framework as Adsorbent, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 2, (2021), 788 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020788
  16. Tahani saad Algarni, Amal M. Al-Mohaimeed, Water purification by adsorption of pigments or pollutants via metaloxide, Journal of King Saud University – Science, 34, 102339 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102339
  17. Seda Karayünlü Bozbaş, Deniz Bingöl, Investigation of adsorption potential of waste jewelry meerschaum powder for Cu(II) and cationic dye, Scientific Reports, 14, 1, (2024), 17193 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66050-9
  18. Kuljit Kaur, Rajandeep Kaur, Harpreet Kaur, A systematic review of lignocellulosic biomass for remediation of environmental pollutants, Applied Surface Science Advances, 19, (2024), 100547 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100547
  19. Hamad Hussain Shah, Muhammad Amin, Francesco Pepe, Erasmo Mancusi, Anaiz Gul Fareed, Overview of environmental and economic viability of activated carbons derived from waste biomass for adsorptive water treatment applications, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32, 32, (2025), 19084-19109 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30540-6
  20. Urooj Kamran, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Saima Noreen, Muhammad Asif Tahir, Soo-Jin Park, Chemically modified sugarcane bagasse-based biocomposites for efficient removal of acid red 1 dye: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and desorption studies, Chemosphere, 291, (2022), 132796 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132796
  21. Pengcheng Luan, Jianming Liao, Li Chen, Yishan Kuang, Xi Zhang, Yuxiang Zhang, Yikui Zhu, Yonghong Dai, Lihuan Mo, Jun Li, Facile and sustainable modification for improving the adsorption ability of sugarcane bagasse towards cationic organic pollutants, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 3, (2024), 4055-4070 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02551-9
  22. Alusani Manyatshe, Zamani E. D. Cele, Mohammed O. Balogun, Thabo T. I. Nkambule, Titus A. M. Msagati, Chitosan modified sugarcane bagasse biochar for the adsorption of inorganic phosphate ions from aqueous solution, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10, 5, (2022), 108243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108243
  23. Aqsa Rukhsar, Zeenat Fatima Iqbal, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Syeda Alvia Zainab, Shahid Nawaz, Tak H. Kim, Ghulam Mustafa, Aldona Balčiūnaitė, Chitosan-Based Adsorbents and Catalysts for Removal of Toxic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater, Topics in Catalysis, 68, 9, (2025), 893-915 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-024-01979-9
  24. Estefânia V. R. Campos, Jhones L. Oliveira, Leonardo F. Fraceto, Poly(ethylene glycol) and Cyclodextrin-Grafted Chitosan: From Methodologies to Preparation and Potential Biotechnological Applications, Frontiers in Chemistry, Volume 5 - 2017, (2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2017.00093
  25. Jianzhong Guo, Shunwei Chen, Li Liu, Bing Li, Ping Yang, Lijun Zhang, Yanlong Feng, Adsorption of dye from wastewater using chitosan–CTAB modified bentonites, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 382, 1, (2012), 61-66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.044
  26. Magda A. Akl, Asmaa A. Serage, Chitosan impregnated sugarcane bagasse biochar for removal of anionic dyes from wastewater, Scientific Reports, 14, 1, (2024), 27097 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77708-9
  27. Mouhsine Bellaj, Hicham Yazid, Khalid Aziz, Abdelmajid Regti, Mohammadine El Haddad, Mounir El Achaby, Abdelkrim Abourriche, Lhoucine Gebrati, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Faissal Aziz, Eco-friendly synthesis of clay-chitosan composite for efficient removal of alizarin red S dye from wastewater: A comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation, Environmental Research, 247, (2024), 118352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118352
  28. Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed, AbdulKarim-Talaq Mohammad, Ali H. Jawad, Modeling and mechanism of reactive orange 16 dye adsorption by chitosan-glyoxal/TiO2 nanocomposite: application of response surface methodology, Desalination and Water Treatment, 164, (2019), 346-360 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24384
  29. Nurul Hidayah Abdullah, Azry Borhan, Noridah binti Osman, Chan Zhing Wei, Biosorption potential of chitosan-coated rubber seed shell activated carbon for the removal of Fe(II) ions and oily solution, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 337, (2025), 130524 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130524
  30. Jerosha Ifthikar, Xiang Jiao, Audrey Ngambia, Ting Wang, Aimal Khan, Ali Jawad, Qiang Xue, Lei Liu, Zhuqi Chen, Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Sustainable Carboxymethyl Chitosan – Sewage Sludge Biochar for Effective Heavy Metal Chelation and Regeneration, Bioresource Technology, 262, (2018), 22-31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.053
  31. Meijuan Zhong, Xinge Liu, Jianfeng Ma, Lili Shang, Bamboo-Activated Carbon Synthesized by One-Pot Pyrolysis and FeCl2 Activation for the Removal of Cr(VI) in Aqueous Solutions, Water, 15, 10, (2023), 1891 https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101891
  32. Soumya Sasmal, Vaibhav V. Goud, Kaustubha Mohanty, Characterization of biomasses available in the region of North-East India for production of biofuels, Biomass and Bioenergy, 45, (2012), 212-220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.008
  33. Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun, Vincent Olukayode Oninla, N. A. Adesola Babarinde, K. O. Oyedotun, Ncholu Manyala, Characterization of sugarcane leaf-biomass and investigation of its efficiency in removing Nickel(II), Chromium(III) and Cobalt(II) ions from polluted water, Surfaces and Interfaces, 20, (2020), 100621 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100621
  34. Ekta R. Raut, Monita A. Bedmohata, Archana R. Chaudhari, Comparative study of preparation and characterization of activated carbon obtained from sugarcane bagasse and rice husk by using H3PO4 and ZnCl2, Materials Today: Proceedings, 66, (2022), 1875-1884 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.413
  35. Pradip Nandanwar, Ravin Jugade, Vaishnavi Gomase, Anita Shekhawat, Apurva Bambal, Dhandayutham Saravanan, Sadanand Pandey, Chitosan-Biopolymer-Entrapped Activated Charcoal for Adsorption of Reactive Orange Dye from Aqueous Phase and CO2 from Gaseous Phase, Journal of Composites Science, 7, 3, (2023), 103 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030103
  36. Seungoh Jung, Minjung Jung, Juhee Yoon, Jungkyu Kim, Hyoung-Joon Jin, Hyo Won Kwak, Chitosan-derived activated carbon/chitosan composite beads for adsorptive removal of methylene blue and acid orange 7 dyes, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 204, (2024), 106028 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106028
  37. Maryam Fayazi, Masoud Ghanei-Motlagh, Mohammad Ali Taher, The adsorption of basic dye (Alizarin red S) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon/γ-Fe2O3 nano-composite: Kinetic and equilibrium studies, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 40, (2015), 35-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.044
  38. Sana Ijaz, Abida Kausar, Sadia Asim, Sumera Anwar, Azo dye removal using rice husk-based nanobiochar-chitosan composite: Integration of Taguchi optimization and ANN modeling, Desalination and Water Treatment, 324, (2025), 101550 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101550
  39. Asma S. Al-Wasidi, Ehab A. Abdelrahman, Khalil ur Rehman, Fawaz A. Saad, Alaa M. Munshi, Efficient removal of crystal violet and acid red 88 dyes from aqueous environments using easily synthesized copper ferrite nanoparticles, Scientific Reports, 14, 1, (2024), 29599 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80681-y
  40. Catarina Helena Pimentel, Rubén Castro-Agra, María Sonia Freire, Diego Gómez-Díaz, Julia González-Álvarez, Adsorption of anionic wood dyes on KOH-activated carbons from Pinus radiata sawdust, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15, 5, (2025), 7603-7622 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05587-1
  41. Karthik Rathinam, Xinwei Kou, Ralph Hobby, Stefan Panglisch, Sustainable Development of Magnetic Chitosan Core–Shell Network for the Removal of Organic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions, Materials, 14, 24, (2021), 7701 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247701
  42. Ibrahim El-Hallag, Ahmad Al-Owais, El-Sayed El-Mossalamy, Kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of the removal of alizarin red dye using silica-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron particles, Scientific Reports, 15, (2025), 31461 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15233-z
  43. A. Hashem, Chukwunonso O. Aniagor, S. Farag, M. Fikry, A. A. Aly, A. Amr, Evaluation of the adsorption capacity of surfactant-modified biomass in an aqueous acid blue 193 system, Waste Management Bulletin, 2, 1, (2024), 172-183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.01.004
  44. Nisreen S. Ali, Noor M. Jabbar, Saja M. Alardhi, Hasan Sh Majdi, Talib M. Albayati, Adsorption of methyl violet dye onto a prepared bio-adsorbent from date seeds: isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies, Heliyon, 8, 8, (2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10276
  45. Rashda, Kailu Dai, Ansa Rebi, Shumaila Kiran, Zhaohui Li, Runping Han, Adsorption efficiency of alizarin red and 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid from wastewater onto chitosan and iron oxide-coated peanut husk-activated carbon: Isothermal, kinetic, and antibacterial analyses, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 319, (2025), 145504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145504
  46. Paschal Enyinnaya Ohale, Kaito Chukwudi, Julius Nnamdi Ndive, Madiebo Emeka Michael, Mathew Ndubuisi Abonyi, Monday Morgan Chukwu, Christopher Chiedozie Obi, Chijioke Elijah Onu, Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, Chinenye Ogochukwu Azie, Optimization of Fe2O3@BC-KC composite preparation for adsorption of Alizarin red S dye: Characterization, kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies, Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 13, (2023), 100157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2023.100157
  47. Mona Moheb, Ahmad M. El-Wakil, Fathi S. Awad, Highly porous activated carbon derived from the papaya plant (stems and leaves) for superior adsorption of alizarin red s and methylene blue dyes from wastewater, RSC Advances, 15, 1, (2025), 674-687 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA07957D
  48. M. Khormaei, B. Nasernejad, M. Edrisi, T. Eslamzadeh, Copper biosorption from aqueous solutions by sour orange residue, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149, 2, (2007), 269-274 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.074
  49. Yao-dong Liang, Yong-jun He, Yu-hang Zhang, Qian-qian zhu, Adsorption property of alizarin red S by NiFe2O4/polyaniline magnetic composite, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6, 1, (2018), 416-425 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.022
  50. S. Venkatesh, V. Arutchelvan, Biosorption of Alizarin Red dye onto immobilized biomass of Canna indica: isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies, Desalination and Water Treatment, 196, (2020), 409-421 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25798
  51. Jiajie Zhang, Jinghua Zhang, Mengmeng Yang, Runping Han, Efficient sequestration of Alizarin red from solution using a novel adsorbent based on zirconium and diethylenetriamine functionalized wheat straw, Desalination and Water Treatment, 235, (2021), 283-299 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27624
  52. Reyhaneh Eizi, Tahereh Rohani Bastami, Vahid Mahmoudi, Ali Ayati, Hesamaddyn Babaei, Facile ultrasound-assisted synthesis of CuFe-Layered double hydroxides/g-C3N4 nanocomposite for alizarin red S sono-sorption, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 145, (2023), 104844 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104844
  53. Sharon Olivera, Krishna Venkatesh, Mysore Sridhar Santosh, Denis Leybo, Denis Kuznetsov, Bidarur K. Jayanna, Inamuddin, Abdullah M. Asiri, Khalid Ahmed Alamry, Handanahally Basavarajaiah Muralidhara, Open ended tube like hollow bio-carbon derived from banana fibre for removal of anionic and cationic dyes, Desalination and Water Treatment, 132, (2018), 297-306 https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22932

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-12-15 17:29:07

No citation recorded.