DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v21i2.67253

Proof of Element of Unlawfulness Acts in The National Criminal Code

*Gusti Muhammad Andre  -  Doctor of Law Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Barda Nawawi Arief  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
RB Sularto scopus  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Faiqah Nur Azizah orcid  -  Faculty of Law, RUDN University, Russian Federation
Nadia Nabela  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright 2025 LAW REFORM under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

In criminal law, unlawful acts are one of the elements of a crime. Logically, in addition to the acts formulated in the law, the unlawful act must also be proven. If an unlawful act is not proven, then an act cannot be considered a crime. However, the elements of unlawful acts regulated in the old Criminal Code differ from those in the National Criminal Code. This article aims to analyse the law of evidence in relation to unlawful acts in the National Criminal Code, in order to establish the truth of the matter. The research method used is the normative juridical method with a literature study analysis. Proving the essence of formal (written) law in the law of evidence is very easy; however, proving the essence of material law is more difficult, as it requires the judge to explore the sense of legal justice that exists in society. In criminal law, proof of unlawful acts is based on the postulate in criminalibus probantiones bedent esse lucis clariores, which states that in criminal cases, evidence must be clearer than light.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Unlawfulness; Law of Evidence; National Criminal Code

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
An Analysis of the Synchronization Between the Military Penal Code and Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code in the Sentencing System Proof of Element of Unlawfulness Acts in The National Criminal Code Public Participation in Social Impact Assessment: Comparative Human Rights Legal Approaches in Malaysia and Indonesia More recent articles
Most cited articles
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN DALAM TRANSAKSI E-COMMERCE PENGATURAN KAWASAN KESELAMATAN OPERASI PENERBANGAN : STUDI TENTANG PELAKSANAAN KEWENANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PEMBANGUNAN DAN BENDA TUMBUH DI KAWASAN KESELAMATAN OPERASI PENERBANGAN BANDAR UDARA AHMAD YANI SEMARANG IMPLEMENTASI PENILAIAN KEBARUAN DAN PRINSIP ITIKAD BAIK DALAM PERLINDUNGAN DESAIN INDUSTRI PRIVATISASI BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA COUNTER TERRORISM BAGI PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME SEBAGAI UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN KEJAHATAN TERORISME DI INDONESIA More cited articles
  1. Ali, M., Halim, A., Yunita, R., Permana, W. P. N., Arief, B. B., & Pujiyono, P. (2020). A Psychological Perspective of Corporate Criminal Liability In Environmental Crimes. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(12), 925-930. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.5.133
  2. Andini, O. G., Kurnia, M. P., Nilasari, N., & Andiki, G. B. (2023). The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Effective Electronic Criminal Trials: A Comparative Study. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3(2),185–209. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i2.57
  3. Andre, G. M., & Setiyono, J. (2009). Jurisdiction Overview Criminal Action of Obstacling the Judicial Process (Obstruction of Justice) Performed by Doctor. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(4), 29599-29607. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i4.7112
  4. Angela, K., & Anugerah, D.P. (2023) Legality of Marine Cargo Insurance Claim With Different Sailing Date on Policy (Analysis of Decisions Number 589/PDT.G/2012/ PN.JKT.SEL). Yuridika, 38(3), 459–480. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v38i3.47966
  5. Anindita, S. L., & Sitanggang, E. F. (2022). Penyelesaian Sengketa Bedrog (Penipuan) Dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Kayu: Onrechtmatige Daad Atau Wederrechtelijk? (Studi Kasus: Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor: 449K/Pid/2001). Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan,52(1),301–319. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol52.no1.3334
  6. Barus, Z. (2013). Analisis Filosofis Tentang Peta Konseptual Penelitian Hukum Normatif Dan Penelitian Hukum Sosiologis. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 13(2), 307-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2013.13.2.212
  7. Dewangga, W. J. (2014). Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Dengan Pelaku Anggota Kepolisian (Studi Kasus Di Wilayah Hukum Boyolali), Jurisprudence,4(2),65–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v4i2.4204
  8. Djatmiko, M.H., Rahayu, M.S. & Lateef, O.A. (2025). The Friction in Evidence Law: Criticism on Evidence of Negative Wettelijk Bewijstheorie in Tax Crimes. Jurnal Hukum Fakultas Hukum Unissula, 41(1), 92-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.41.1.92-110
  9. Flora, H. S., Thuong, M. T. H., & Erawati, R. D. (2023). The Orientation and Implications of New Criminal Code: An Analysis of Lawrence Friedman’s Legal System. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 11(1), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i1.1169
  10. Gunawan, I. (2020). Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Dan Menyalahgunakan Wewenang Dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Jurnal Hukum Kaidah,19(2),165-185. https://doi.org/10.30743/jhk.v19i2.2390
  11. Hakiki, A. (2019). Warrant of Termination of Investigation (SP3) Issued Based on Peace Agreement Between Suspects and Reporters in Ordinary Offences. Lentera Hukum,6(2),279-288. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v6i2.10501
  12. Hardinanto, A. (2016). Manfaat Analogi Dalam Hukum Pidana Untuk Mengatasi Kejahatan Yang Mengalami Modernisasi. Yuridika, 31(2),220-240. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v31i2.4782
  13. Hardinanto, A., Arief, B. N., Setiyono, J., Fernando, Z. J., & Sabrina, N. (2024). Critical Analysis of Living Law Formulation in Law No. 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code: Towards Law Reform to Realize Justice with the Spirit of Pancasila. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 5(3), 1029-1066. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v5i3.13923
  14. Harun, R.R., Sahid, M.M., & Yamin, B. (2023). Problems of Criminal Applications Law in The Life of Indonesian Communities and Cultures. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan,11(1),140-155. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i1.1144
  15. Helmi, M. (2020). Penemuan Hukum oleh Hakim Berdasarkan Paradigma Konstruktivisme. Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 22(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v22i1.14792
  16. Irmawati, I. (2019). Dna Test as an Evidence to Substitute Four Witnesses: Analysis of Aceh Qanun Number 6 of 2014 Concerning Jinayah Law. Petita: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Syariah, 4(1), 128–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/petita.v3i1.28
  17. Korompis, J. B. C. A. (2018). Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Materiil (Materiele Wederrechtelijk) Dalam Tindak Pidana Narkotika Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. (check again, OJS and Vol. No. not sinkron with url) https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexcrimen/issue/view/2093
  18. Latuihamallo, J. R., Pujiyono, P., & Cahyaningtyas, I. (2024). Electronic Evidence of Anti-Money Laundering Regimes: A Comparative Study Between United Kingdom, United States and Indonesia. Revista de Direito, Estado e Telecomunicacoes, 16(1), 189-220. https://doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v16i1.48449
  19. Margono, M., Bawono, B.T., Prayitno, A.H., Rimbawan, A.Y., & Laksana., A.W. (2024). The Injustice of Criminal Guidelines in the Act of Corruption Crime. Jurnal Hukum Fakultas Hukum Unissula, 40(2), 359-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.40.2.359-374
  20. Marimin, M., Setyawan, L. T., & Sularto, R. B. (2022). Criminal Law Policy In The Field Of Fishery Based On Indonesia’s International Obligation. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 20(1), 126-143. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol20.1.762
  21. Maulidah, K., & Jaya, N. S. P. (2019). Kebijakan Formulasi Asas Permaafan Hakim Dalam Upaya Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Nasional. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,1(3),281-293. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v1i3.281-293
  22. Millah, I. A., & Pujiyono, P. (2020). The Children Rights Protection in the New Normal Era: An Indonesia Experience during Covid-19 Pandemic. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 28(2),211-231. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v28i2.13048
  23. Novita, A.B., Riyanto, A.D., & Al Ghifari, A. F. A. H. (2023). Teori Pembuktian Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional. Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisipline,1(5),174–183. https://jurnal.penerbitdaarulhuda.my.id/index.php/MAJIM/article/view/154
  24. Prasetyo, E. S., Ohoiwutun, Y. A. T., & Halif, H. (2018). Implikasi Yuridis Kebijakan Formulasi Alat Bukti Elektronik. Lentera Hukum,5(2),189-208. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v5i2.7469
  25. Prihandono, I., & Yuniarti, D. S. (2022). Expanding the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Brawijaya Law Journal,9(2),182–195. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2022.009.02.05
  26. Purnamawati, S. A., Aprilianda, N., Endrawati, L., & Sulistyo, F. (2024). Child-Friendly Justice and Children’s Rights from Criminal Cases; Islamic Law Notes. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum,32(1),141–154. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v32i1.31681
  27. Putra, R. P. & Pujiyono, P. (2022). Kebijakan Formulasi Sanksi Pidana Dalam Undang-Undang Narkotika Yang Akan Datang (Ius Constituendum). Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 4(3), 364-381, https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i3.364-381
  28. Putra, G. P. (2017). Pertanggungjawaban Pemilik dan Pengguna atas Kerusakan yang Diakibatkan oleh Hewan Peliharaan: Studi Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia dan Jerman. Asy-Syir'ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari'ah dan Hukum, 51(2), 521-537. https://doi.org/ 10.14421/ajish.v51i2.306
  29. Putri, S. G., Irianto, E. & An, D. P. (2019). Law Enforcement of Criminal Defamation Through Electronic Media. Lentera Hukum, 6(2),267–278. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v6i2.8033
  30. Rifai, E. (2014). Perspektif Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Mimbar Hukum, 26(1), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16056
  31. Ritonga, B. Z. & Soponyono, E. (2023). Pembentukan Lembaga Pelaksana Pidana Sebagai Wujud Sistem Peradilan Pidana Integral. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia,5(1),136–153. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v5i1.136-153
  32. Rohmana, N. Y. (2017). Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Tentang Tindak Pidana Penghinaan Dan Pencemaran Nama Baik Dalam Perpspektif Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia. Yuridika, 32(1),105-133. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v32i1.4831
  33. Sari, I. (2019). Unsur-Unsur Delik Materiel Dan Delik Formil Dalam Hukum Pidana Lingkungan, Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara,10(1),64–80. https://doi.org/10.35968/jh.v10i1.404
  34. Sari, I. (2020). Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) Dalam Hukum Pidana Dan Hukum Perdata. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara, 11(1),53–70. https://doi.org/10.35968/jh.v11i1.651
  35. Sari, I. D. M., Gita, H., & Lumbanraja, A. D. (2019). Analisis Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Terhadap Delik Perbuatan Tidak Menyenangkan. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 1(2), 171-181, https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v1i2.171-181
  36. Savitri, N. (2020). Pembuktian Dalam Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Anak. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum, 4(2), 276. https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v4i2.323
  37. Siqi, C., Rajamanickam, R., Manap, N.A., & Zahir, Z.M. (2024). Application of Blockchain Technology in Cross - Border Telecommunications Network Fraud to Ensure China’s Judicial Justice. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 12(3), 472–486. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v12i3.1554
  38. Setiawan, H., Handayani, I. G. A. K. R., Hamzah, M. G., & Tegnan, H. (2024). Digitalization of Legal Transformation on Judicial Review in the Constitutional Court. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(2),263-294. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.263
  39. Sulistyani, W. (2019). The Admissibility of Scientific Expert Evidence Under Indonesian Criminal Justice System. Sriwijaya Law Review, 3(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol3.iss2.215.pp152-161
  40. Tan, D. (2021). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas Dan Mengulas Metodologi Dalam Menyelenggarakan Penelitian Hukum. Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuna Sosial, 8(8), 2463-2478. https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v8i8.2021.2463-2478
  41. Tarigan, M., & Naibaho, N. (2020). Perbuatan Memberikan Ganja Kepada Orang Lain Sebagai Alternatif Pengobatan Ditinjau dari Sifat Melawan Hukum Dalam Hukum Pidana (Studi Kasus Fidelis Arie Sudewarto). Riau Law Journal, 4(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.30652/rlj.v4i1.7834
  42. Thenata, P. D. J., Susato, R. J., Kurniawati, J. O., & Lee, J. C. (2024). Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Kasus Pertanahan Studi Perbandingan antara Indonesia dan Prancis. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 5(12), 5284-5296. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i12.1857
  43. Tongat, T. (2024) Death Penalty in Indonesia: Between Criminal Law and Islamic Law Perspectives. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 32(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10. 22219/ljih.v32i1.32335
  44. Wahyuni, W. (2022). Jarimah Pemerkosaan Dalam Qanun Jinayat Aceh Perspektif Feminist Legal Theory. Jurnal Hukum Fakultas Hukum Unissula, 38(1), 43-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.38.1.43-60
  45. Wicaksono, A.H., Pujiyono, P., & Cahyaningtyas, I. (2023). Celah Korupsi Kebutuhan Medis Di Indonesia Pada Masa Covid-19. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 5(3), 471–483. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v5i3.471-483
  46. Widijowati, R. D., Pecson, R. C., & Kristiawanto, K. (2025). The Online Gambling as a Criminal Offense Which Disturbs Society on Legal Perspective. Jurnal Hukum Fakultas Hukum Unissula,, 41(2), 461-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.41.2.461-489
  47. Wiriadinata, W. (2012). Korupsi dan Pembalikan Beban Pembuktian. Jurnal Konstitusi, 9(2), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk924
  48. Witasari, A., & Arif, M. S. (2019). Implementasi Diversi Guna Mewujudkan Restorative Justice Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Jurnal Hukum Fakultas Hukum Unissula,35(2),165-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jh.35.2.165-184
  49. Arief, B. N. (2017) Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana Perkembangan Penyusuanan Konsep KUHP Baru. Jakarta: Kencana
  50. Hiariej, E. O. S. (2024). Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Pidana Edisi Penyesuaian KUHP Nasional. Depok: RajaGrafindo Persada
  51. Hamzah, A. (2017). Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika
  52. Sudarto (2018) Hukum Pidana 1 Edisi Revisi. Semarang: Yayasan Sudarto

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-10-10 14:30:45

No citation recorded.