skip to main content

The Difference of Perceived HIV Stigma between People Living with HIV Infection and Their Families

Kusman Ibrahim  -  Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
*Rita Kombong  -  Master of Nursing Program, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
Aat Sriati  -  Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2019 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing

Citation Format:
Abstract

Background: The stigma of HIV and AIDS become a significant barrier to prevention, treatment, and care for HIV infected people. Disclosure of HIV status to the family can help People Living with HIV infection (PLWH) to obtain support and comfort from their family. However, the difference of perceived HIV stigma held by patients and families has become problematic and lead to inadequate responses of PLWH and their families.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the difference in perceived HIV stigma between PLWH and their families.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 60 respondents that consisted of 30 PLWH and 30 family members. They were recruited purposively in an HIV clinic of a residencial hospital in West Java Province, Indonesia. The perceived HIV stigma was measured by the Berger’s HIV stigma scale (BHSS), and the Liu’s Courtesy Stigma Scale (LCSS) was used to measure the perceived HIV stigma at the family level. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis (independent t-test) to test the difference in perceived HIV stigma between PLWH and their families.

Results: The study found that most PLWH and their families perceived HIV stigma at a moderate level (70% vs. 63.4%, respectively). There was a significant difference in perceived HIV stigma between PLWH and their families (t=3.4; p=0.001). The PLWH perceived HIV stigma was higher than their family members (M=41, SD=13.9 vs. M=28.5, SD=14.0).

Conclusion: This study highlighted that PLWH and their family have different perceptions regarding HIV stigma, which can lead to different responses. Therefore, nurses and other health care providers need to be aware and take a comprehensive assessment-related perceived HIV stigma in order to provide a high quality of nursing care, mainly dealing with HIV stigma for both PLWH and their family members.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Family, perceived HIV stigma, PLWH
Funding: Family, PLWHA, perception of stigma

Article Metrics:

  1. Adeoye-Agboola, D. I., Evans, H., Hewson, D., & Pappas, Y. (2016). Factors influencing HIV disclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: a systematic review using narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Public health, 136, 13-28. Doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.021
  2. BLUD RSU Kota Banjar. (2017). Laporan Tahunan Poliklinik Soka BLUD RSU Kota Banjar 2017
  3. Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in nursing & health, 24(6), 518-529. Doi.org/10.1002/nur.10011
  4. Castro, R., Orozco, E., Aggleton, P., Eroza, E., & Hernández, J. J. (1998). Family responses to HIV/AIDS in Mexico. Social science & medicine, 47(10), 1473-1484
  5. Charles, B., Jeyaseelan, L., Pandian, A. K., Sam, A. E., Thenmozhi, M., & Jayaseelan, V. (2012). Association between stigma, depression and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in South India–a community based cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 463. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-463
  6. Cameron, S., Wilson, J., Hows, J., Pascal, R., Todd-Gher, J., Tremlett, L., ... & Godwin, J. (2011). People Living with HIV Stigma Index: Asia Pacific regional analysis 2011
  7. De Wet, G. E., Du Plessis, E., & Klopper, H. C. (2013). HIV-positive patients' and their families' comprehension of HIV-and AIDS-related information. Health SA Gesondheid (Online), 18(1), 1-11. Doi: 10.4102/hsag.v18i1.597
  8. Earnshaw, V. A., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2009). From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS and Behavior, 13(6), 1160. Doi: 10.1007/s10461-009-9593-3
  9. Forouzan, A. S., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z., Sajjadi, H., Salimi, Y., & Dejman, M. (2013). Social support network among people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran. AIDS research and treatment, 2013. Doi.org/10.1155/2013/715381
  10. Friedman,M. M.. (2010). Keperawatan Keluarga Praktik dan Teori. Edisi 5. Jakarta: ECG
  11. Gari, T., Habte, D., & Markos, E. (2010). HIV positive status disclosure among women attending art clinic at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia. East African Journal of Public Health, 7(1)
  12. Gohain, Z., & Halliday, M. A. L. (2014). Internalized HIV-stigma, mental health, coping and perceived social support among people living with HIV/AIDS in Aizawl District—A pilot study. Psychology, 5(15), 1794. Doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.515186
  13. Greeff, M., Phetlhu, R., Makoae, L. N., Dlamini, P. S., Holzemer, W. L., Naidoo, J. R., ... & Chirwa, M. L. (2008). Disclosure of HIV status: experiences and perceptions of persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses involved in their care in Africa. Qualitative health research, 18(3), 311-324. Doi.org/10.1177/1049732307311118
  14. Gilbert, L., & Walker, L. (2010). ‘My biggest fear was that people would reject me once they knew my status…’: stigma as experienced by patients in an HIV/AIDS clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. Health & social care in the community, 18(2), 139-146. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00881.x
  15. Ibrahim, K., Ermaliyawati, E, Rahayu U., & Nuraeni, A. (2013). Prediktor Kepatuhan minum obat antiretroviral (ARV) pada orang dengan HIV/ AIDS (ODHA) . Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Universitas Padjadjaran
  16. Ibrahim, K., & Songwathana, P. (2009). Cultural care for people living with HIV/AIDS in Muslim communities in Asia: a literature review. Abstrak.Univesitas Padjadjaran
  17. Joge, U. S., Deo, D. S., Choudhari, S. G., Malkar, V. R., & Ughade, H. M. (2013). " Human immunodeficiency virus serostatus disclosure-Rate, reactions, and discrimination": A cross-sectional study at a rural tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 79(1), 135. DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.104690
  18. Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Cloete, A., Mthembu, P. P., Mkhonta, R. N., & Ginindza, T. (2009). Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: the Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale. AIDS care, 21(1), 87-93. Doi.org/10.1080/09540120802032627
  19. Kementerian Kesehatan, R. I. (2016). Laporan perkembangan HIV-AIDS Triwulan I tahun 2016. Jakarta: Direktorat jenderal pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit
  20. Keperawatan, U. U. (2014). Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 38 Tahun 2014Tentang Keperawatan
  21. Kementerian Kesehatan, R.I. (2012). Buku Pedoman Penghapusan Stigma & Diskriminasi Bagi Pengelola Program, Petugas Layanan Kesehatan dan Kader. Jakarta. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan
  22. Kumpfer, K. L. (2014). Family-based interventions for the prevention of substance abuse and other impulse control disorders in girls. ISRN Addiction, 2014. Doi.org/10.1155/2014/308789
  23. Lewis, R. (2011). Stamping out stigma in HIV. Nursing times, 107(11), 16
  24. Lindberg, M. H., Wettergren, L., Wiklander, M., Svedhem-Johansson, V., & Eriksson, L. E. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the HIV stigma scale in a Swedish context. PloS one, 9(12), e114867. Doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114867
  25. Li, Z., & Sheng, Y. (2014). Investigation of perceived stigma among people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in henan province, china. International journal of nursing sciences, 1(4), 385-388 Chinese Nursing Association. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2014.10.019
  26. Liu, H., Xu, Y., Sun, Y., & Dumenci, L. (2014). Measuring HIV stigma at the family level: Psychometric assessment of the Chinese Courtesy Stigma Scales (CCSSs). PloS one, 9(3), e92855. Doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0092855
  27. Liu, H., Xu, Y., Lin, X., Shi, J., & Chen, S. (2013). Associations between perceived HIV stigma and quality of life at the dyadic lvel: the actor-partner interdependence model. PLoS One, 8(2), DOI: e55680.10.1371/journal.pone.0055680
  28. Lundberg, P. C., Doan, T. T. K., Dinh, T. T. X., Oach, N. K., & Le, P. H. (2016). Caregiving to persons living with HIV/AIDS: experiences of Vietnamese family members. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(5-6), 788-798
  29. Marubenny, S., & Aisah, S. (2013). Perbedaan Respon Sosial Penderita Hiv-Aids Yang Mendapat Dukungan Keluarga Dan Tidak Mendapat Dukungan Keluarga Dibalai Kesehatan Paru Masyarakat (Bkpm) Semarang. Jurnal Keperawatan Komunitas, 1(1)
  30. Martinez, J., Harper, G., Carleton, R. A., Hosek, S., Bojan, K., Clum, G., & Ellen, and the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network, J. (2012). The impact of stigma on medication adherence among HIV-positive adolescent and young adult females and the moderating effects of coping and satisfaction with health care. AIDS patient care and STDs, 26(2), 108-115. DOI: 10.1089/apc.2011.0178
  31. McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. Oxford University Press, USA
  32. Michaud, P.-A., Suris, J.-C., Thomas, L. R., Kahlert, C., Rudin, C., Cheseaux, J.-J., . . . Study, C. H. C. (2009). To say or not to say: a qualitative study on the disclosure of their condition by human immunodeficiency virus–positive adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(4), 356-362. Doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.004
  33. Nurdin A. (2013). Testing the validity and reliability of Berger HIV Stigma Scale Indonesia Version to the evaluate perceived stigma among people living with HIV infection. Universitas Indonesia
  34. Onono, M. A., Cohen, C. R., Jerop, M., Bukusi, E. A., & Turan, J. M. (2014). HIV serostatus and disclosure: implications for infant feeding practice in rural south Nyanza, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 390. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-390
  35. Okareh, O. T., Akpa, O. M., Okunlola, J. O., & Okoror, T. A. (2015). Management of conflicts arising from disclosure of HIV status among married women in southwest Nigeria. Health care for women international, 36(2), 149-160. Doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2013.79446
  36. Shaluhiyah, Z., Musthofa, S. B., & Widjanarko, B. (2015). Stigma Masyarakat terhadap orang dengan HIV/AIDS. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 9(4), 333-339. Doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.740
  37. Stevelink, S. A. M., Van Brakel, W. H., & Augustine, V. (2011). Stigma and social participation in Southern India: Differences and commonalities among persons affected by leprosy and persons living with HIV/AIDS. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16(6), 695-707
  38. Swendeman, D., Ingram, B. L., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009). Common elements in self-management of HIV and other chronic illnesses: an integrative framework. AIDS care, 21(10), 1321-1334. Doi.org/10.1080/09540120902803158
  39. Shushtari, Z. J., Sajjadi, H., Forouzan, A. S., Salimi, Y., & Dejman, M. (2014). Disclosure of HIV status and social support among people living with HIV. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(8). Doi: 10.5812/ircmj.11856
  40. UNAIDS, W. (2017). Global AIDS monitoring. Geneva: UNAIDS
  41. Yakhmi, S., Sidhu, B. S., Kaur, B., & Dalla, E. K. (2014). Study of HIV related stigma in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA): Role of gender differences. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 5(2), 35

Last update:

  1. Illuminating the Experience of Stigma among Persons Living with HIV using Participative Drawing Method

    Janet Alexis De los Santos. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 12 (2), 2022. doi: 10.14710/nmjn.v12i2.46517
  2. Perpetuated HIV Microaggressions: A Novel Scale to Measure Subtle Discrimination Against People Living With HIV

    Marcie Berman, Lisa A. Eaton, Ryan J. Watson, Jessica L. Maksut, Katherine B. Rucinski, Valerie A. Earnshaw. AIDS Education and Prevention, 33 (1), 2021. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2021.33.1.1
  3. Nutritional Status and Health Characteristics of People Living with HIV/AIDS

    Siti Ulfah Rifa'atul Fitri, Kusman Ibrahim, Siti Sandra Liani, Laili Rahayuwati, Yusshy Kurnia Herliani. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9 (T6), 2021. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7607
  4. Relationship between Financial Factors and Access to Health Care and Quality of Life for HIV / AIDS Patients

    Laila Salma Iklama, Nursalam Nursalam, Ni Ketut Alit Armini. Fundamental and Management Nursing Journal, 4 (1), 2021. doi: 10.20473/fmnj.v4i1.24979

Last update: 2024-11-13 08:24:59

No citation recorded.