DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v15i1.56916

The Impact of Hypertension and Obesity on the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus among Indonesian Urban Workers

*Mahmudah Mahmudah orcid  -  Division Population Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Nailul Izza orcid scopus  -  Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
Lely Indrawati orcid scopus  -  Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
Astridya Paramita orcid  -  Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
Diah Indriani orcid  -  Division Population Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by the Authors, Published by Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease (NCD) with high morbidity rates and is the third leading cause of death in Indonesia. The number of diabetes sufferers aged 20–79 years continues to increase: in 2013, there were around 9.1 million cases, and by 2021, this had risen to 19.5 million. Many risk factors contribute to the development of diabetes.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the impact of hypertension and obesity on the occurrence of DM among workers in urban areas of Indonesia.

Methods: The study used secondary health status data obtained from the 2018 Basic Health Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health Research and Development Agency, using a cross-sectional approach. The participants consisted of 15,745 urban adults with working status, aged 15–64 years, who underwent blood glucose examination. The correlation between variables was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression test.

Results: The study showed that 14.8% of DM patients also had hypertension, and 14.9% were obese. The percentage of women with diabetes increased with age, particularly affecting informal workers more frequently. Hypertension, central obesity (aOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.5–1.9), smoking (aOR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.5–0.7), and age (aOR = 8.9; 95% CI: 5.2–15.1) were identified as significant factors contributing to the worsening of DM. However, education, physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, and employment had no discernible impact.

Conclusion: Hypertension and obesity significantly increased the risk of worsening DM in individuals. It is recommended that companies collaborate with Posbindu for NCDs to regularly monitor blood pressure, blood sugar, and measure the height and weight of workers.

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Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; hypertension; obesity; urban worker

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