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Gambaran Pola Sebaran Kasus Rabies di Sumatera Barat Tahun 2019- 2023

1Magister Epidemiologi, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Laboratorium Patologi Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi, Indonesia

2Magister Epidemiologi, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Bagian Epidemiologi dan Penyakit Tropik, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

3Bagian Kesehatn Lingkungan, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

4 Bagian Invormasi Veteriner Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi, Indonesia

5 Laboratorium Patologi Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi, Indonesia

6 Laboratorium Virologi Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi, Indonesia

7 Laboratorium Bioteknologi Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi, Indonesia

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Received: 24 Jan 2025; Revised: 11 Mar 2025; Accepted: 3 Apr 2025; Available online: 15 Jun 2025; Published: 29 Jun 2025.
Editor(s): Suci Amalia, S.Gz., M.Gz
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Latar belakang: Rabies merupakan penyakit infeksi Anthropozoonosis akut yang menyerang sistem saraf pusat, disebabkan oleh virus dari keluarga Rhabdovirus dan genus Lysavirus, dengan Case Fatality Rate (CFR) mencapai 100%. Semua provinsi di Sumatera termasuk wilayah endemis rabies, kecuali Bangka Belitung dan Kepulauan Riau. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi dan tren kasus rabies di Sumatera Barat.
Metode: Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder pengujian Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) sebanyak 465 sampel pasif dari tahun 2019 hingga 2023, data vaksinasi dan populasi dari Dinas Peternakan, serta iSHIKHNAS. Data dianalisis dan disajikan dalam bentuk diskriptif statistika.
Hasil: Tahun 2019–2023, Balai Veteriner (BVet) Bukittinggi mencatat 465 kasus rabies di Sumatera Barat. Proporsi kasus menurun rata-rata 65,01%, kecuali di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota yang mengalami peningkatan tahun 2023. Kasus tertinggi di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota (86 kasus), diikuti Agam (40 kasus), Sijunjung (39 kasus), dan Pasaman Barat (39 kasus). Kasus tertinggi pada anjing terjadi pada Maret 2019 (12 kasus), dengan rata-rata bulanan tertinggi pada Maret, Juli, Agustus dan Oktober, diduga terkait musim kawin anjing. Frekuensi Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR) positif rabies terbanyak adalah anjing (86,35%), kucing (12,55%), monyet (0,37%), dan satwa liar lainnya (0,74%). Gigitan HPR juga dilaporkan pada ternak dengan proporsi positif 88,24%. Tahun 2023 cakupan vaksinasi kucing 60,83%, anjing 38,67%, primata lain 0,46% dan kera 0,04%.
Simpulan: Kasus rabies terbanyak di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kora. Rata-rata kasus tertinggi pada bulan Maret, Juli, Agustus dan Oktober, diduga terkait musim kawin anjing. Kasus rabies terbanyak terjadi pada anjing (86,35%). Rekomendasi meliputi peningkatan cakupan vaksinasi pada anjing, vaksinasi dua kali setahun sebelum musim kawin atau menjelang peningkatan tren kasus, edukasi masyarakat, peningkatan lalu lintas ternak, dan investigasi khusus di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota.

Kata kunci: Rabies; Sumatera Barat; Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)

 

ABSTRACT
Title: Distribution of Rabies Cases in West Sumatra 2019-2023

Background: Rabies is an acute Anthropozoonosis infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system, caused by viruses from the Rhabdovirus family and the Lysavirus genus, with a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) reaching 100%. All provinces in Sumatra are endemic areas for rabies, except Bangka Belitung and the Riau Islands. This study aims to determine the distribution and trends of rabies cases in West Sumatra.
Method: The study used secondary data from the Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) of 465 passive samples from 2019 to 2023, vaccination and population data from the Animal Husbandry Service, and iSHIKHNAS. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of descriptive statistics.
Result: In 2019–2023, the Bukittinggi Veterinary Center (BVet) recorded 465 cases of rabies in West Sumatra. The proportion of cases decreased by an average of 65.01%, except in Limapuluh Kota Regency which experienced an increase in 2023. The highest cases were in Limapuluh Kota Regency (86) followed by Agam (40), Sijunjung (39) and West Pasaman (39). The highest cases in dogs occurred in March 2019 (12 cases), with the highest monthly average in March, July, August and October, thought to be related to the dog mating season. The highest frequency of rabies-positive animals transmitting rabies were dogs (86.35%), cats (12.55%), monkeys (0.37%), and other stray animals (0.74%). Animals transmitting rabies bites were also reported in livestock with a positive proportion of 88.24%. In 2023, vaccination coverage for cats will be 60.83%, dogs 38.67%, other primates 0.46% and monkeys 0.04%.
Conclusion: The highest rabies cases are in Lima Puluh Kora Regency. The highest average cases are in March, July, August and October, allegedly related to the dog mating season. The highest rabies cases occur in dogs (86.35%). Recommendations include increasing vaccination coverage in dogs, vaccinating twice a year before the breeding season or ahead of an increase in case trends, public education, increasing livestock traffic, and special investigations in the Limapuluh Kota District.

Keywords: Rabies; West Sumatra; Animals transmiting Rabies

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Keywords: Rabies; Sumatera Barat; Hewan Penular Rabies (HPR)

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