Identification of Heavy Metal Concentration in Citarum River Water Using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index Method

Eka Wardhani, Diana Rahayuning Wulan, Nazla Amaliyah Velda, Willy Cahya Nugraha, Oman Rohman, Athaya Zahrani Irmansyah


DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v21i3.812-824

Abstract


The Citarum River is the largest and longest river in West Java Province. The basin in that location has influenced by human activities and the industrial sector. One of the hazardous pollutants contained in industrial wastewater is heavy metals. This study aims to identify the content of dissolved heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in Citarum River water, Purwakarta Regency, at three observation points, namely Jatiluhur Reservoir Outlet, Cilalawak Bridge, and Cilele Bridge. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method is used to analyze the dissolved heavy metals. Determination the level of metal contamination using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) method. The study results that three metals exceeded the standard based on Government Regulation 22 of 2021 Class II, namely Fe, Hg, and Zn. Fe metal in the range between 0.277-1.179 mg/L, Hg metal between 0.011-0.100 mg/L, and Zn metal between 0.017-0.074 mg/L. HPI analysis showed that at three points in both sampling periods, it indicated that heavy metals highly polluted river water because the results obtained exceeded the HPI pollutant index, which was > 100. The biggest contribution of dissolved heavy metals in the Citarum River water body was dominated by the Hg parameter


Keywords


Citarum; heavy metal; pollution index

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adani, J.P., Wardhani, E. and Pharmawati, K. 2018. Identifikasi pencemaran logam berat timbal (Pb) dan seng (Zn) di air permukaan dan sedimen Waduk Saguling Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Reka Lingkungan, 6(2).

Appiah-Opong, R., Ofori, A., Ofosuhene, M., Ofori-Attah, E., Nunoo, F.K., Tuffour, I., Gordon, C., Arhinful, D.K., Nyarko, A.K. and Fosu-Mensah, B.Y. 2021. Heavy metals concentration and pollution index (HPI) in drinking water along the southwest coast of Ghana. Applied Water Science, 11, pp.1-10.

Bandung Regency Government. 2023. Annual report of the Natural Resources and Mining and Energy Service of Bandung Regency.

Djunaidi, C. 2018. Studi interferensi pada AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Jurusan Kimia Fakultas Sains Dan Matematika Universitas Diponegoro. Universitas Diponegoro.

Febrita, J. and Roosmini, D. 2022. Analisis beban pencemar logam berat industri terhadap kualitas Sungai Citarum Hulu. Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, 7(1), pp.77-88.

Filipus, R.A., Purwiyanto, A.I.S. and Agustriani, F. 2018. Bioakumulasi logam berat tembaga (Cu) pada kerang darah (Anadara granosa) di perairan Muara Sungai Lumpur Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir Sumatera Selatan. Maspari Journal: Marine Science Research, 10(2), pp.131-140.

Firdausiyah, N. 2015. Penentuan kadar merkuri (Hg) dalam lipstik menggunakan destruksi basah tertutup secara spektrofotometri serapan atom uap dingin (SSA-UD). Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.

Garcia, R. and Baez, A. 2012. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). InTech.

Hasmizal, H. and Bhernama, B.G. 2019. Analisis kadar logam Hg pada sampel Perna Viridis L dengan menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. AMINA, 1(3), pp.120-125.

Indonesian Government. 2021. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang penyelenggaraan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. DKI Jakarta.

Juniarti, N. 2020. Upaya peningkatan kondisi lingkungan di daerah aliran Sungai Citarum. Kumawula: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2), pp.256-271.

Khopkar, S.M. 2003. Konsep dasar kimia analitik. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press).

Kirana, K.H., Novala, G.C., Fitriani, D., Agustine, E., Rahmaputri, M.D., Fathurrohman, F., Rizkita, N.R., Andrianto, N., Juniarti, N. and Julaiha, J. 2019. Identifikasi kualitas air Sungai Citarum Hulu melalui analisa parameter hidrologi dan kandungan logam berat (Studi kasus: Sungai Citarum Sektor 7). Wahana Fisika, 4(2), pp.120-128.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2009. SNI 6989.4:2009 Cara uji besi (Fe) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom (SSA)-nyala.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2009. SNI 6989.6:2009 Cara uji tembaga (Cu) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom (SSA)-nyala.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2009. SNI 6989.7:2009 Cara uji seng (Zn) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom (SSA)-nyala.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2009. SNI 6989.16:2009 Cara uji kadmium (Cd) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom (SSA)-nyala.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2009. SNI 6989.71:2009 Cara uji krom heksavalen (Cr-VI) secara spektrofotometri.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 2009. SNI 6989.78:2019 Cara uji air raksa atau merkuri (Hg) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom (SSA)-uap dingin.

Patty, J.O., Siahaan, R. and Maabuat, P.V. 2018. Kehadiran logam-logam berat (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) pada air dan sedimen Sungai Lowatag, Minahasa Tenggara-Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Bios Logos, 8(1).

Putra, I.S. 2016. Studi pengukuran kecepatan aliran pada Sungai Pasang Surut. INFO-TEKNIK, 16(1), pp.33-46.

Prayoga, G., Utomo, B.A. and Effendi, H. 2022. Heavy metals contamination and water quality parameter condition in Jatiluhur Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia. BIOTROPIA, 29(5), pp.12-22.

Rahayu, D.R. and Mangkoedihardjo, S. 2022. Kajian bioaugmentasi untuk menurunkan konsentrasi logam berat di wilayah perairan menggunakan bakteri (Studi kasus: Pencemaran merkuri di Sungai Kueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya). Jurnal Teknik ITS, 11(1), pp.F15-F22.

Rennika, R., Aunurohim, A. and Abdulgani, N. 2013. Konsentrasi dan lama pemaparan senyawa organik dan inorganik pada jaringan insang ikan mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus) pada kondisi sub lethal. Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS, 2(2), pp.E132-E137.

Said, N.I. 2017. Teknologi pengelolaan air limbah. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Sari, H., Hadining, A.F. and Sudarjat, H. 2020. Analisis karakteristik fisik-kimiawi air daerah aliran Sungai Citarum di Waduk Jatiluhur. Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan), 6(1).

Sari and Usman. 2012. Studi parameter fisika dan kimia daerah penangkapan ikan perairan Salat Asam Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti Provinsi Riau. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, 17(01), pp.88-100.

Setia, R., Dhaliwal, S.S., Kumar, V., Singh, R., Kukal, S.S. and Pateriya, B. 2020. Impact assessment of metal contamination in surface water of Sutlej River (India) on human health risks. Environmental Pollution, 265, 114907.

Sobhan Ardakani, S., Yari, A.R., Taghavi, L. and Tayebi, L. 2016. Water quality pollution indices to assess the heavy metal contamination, case study: Groundwater resources of Asadabad Plain in 2012. Archives of Hygiene Sciences, 5(4), pp.221-228.

Suteja, Y., Purwiyanto, A.I.S. and Agustriani, F. 2019. Merkuri (Hg) di permukaan perairan Muara Sungai Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia. Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 5(2), pp.177-184.

Wardhani, E., Roosmini, D. and Notodarmojo, S. 2016. Pencemaran kadmium di sedimen Waduk Saguling Provinsi Jawa Barat (Cadmium pollution in Saguling Dam sediment West Java Province). Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, 23(3), pp.285-294.

Wardhani, E., Roosmini, D. and Notodarmojo, S. 2021. Assessment of cadmium concentration, bioavailability, and toxicity in sediments from Saguling Reservoir, West Java Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

Wardhani, E., Roosmini, D. and Notodarmojo, S. 2021. Calculation of heavy metals pollution load enters to Saguling Dam West Java Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

Wardhani, E., Rosmalina, R.T., Wulan, D.R., Dara, F., Lanang, R.N. and Irmansyah, A.Z. 2023. Assessment of heavy metal pollution status in the middle sector of the Citarum River. GEOMATE Journal, 25(110), pp.200-207.

Wulan, D.R., Marganingrum, D. and Yoneda, M. 2020. Distribution, source identification, and assessment of heavy metal pollution in the surface and pore waters of Cipeles River, West Java, Indonesia.