DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.18.3.%25p

EFFECT OF COOKING METHODS ON THE REDUCTION OF LEAD (Pb) CONTENT IN KEPAH (Polymesoda erosa) SHELLS

Warsidah Warsidah scopus  -  Marine Science Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
Mega Sari Juane Sofiana scopus  -  Marine Science Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
Agus Yuliono  -  Social Anthropology Department, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
Lucky Hartanti  -  Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
Dwi Gusmalawati  -  Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
*Ikha Safitri scopus  -  Marine Science Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
Risko Risko  -  Marine Science and Fisheries Department, Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, Indonesia
Jannati Jannati  -  Marine Science Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia

Citation Format:
Abstract
Kepah shells have important economic value and are widely used as food ingredients because they contain high nutritional content. Heavy metals that enter the waters will generally be accumulated in sediments and absorbed by biota. As filter feeder, Kepah accumulate heavy metals from the environment that toxic to humans. This study aimed to determine the effect of cooking methods on the concentration of lead (Pb) in Kepah shell. The measurement of Pb content was conducted according to SNI 2345.5-2011 by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Result showed that different cooking methods influenced the Pb content in Kepah shells. Frying and boiling processes reduced the Pb concentration of 46.34% and 31.48%, respectively. According to the result, frying suggested as the best cooking method to provide healthful food for consumption.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Kepah; Polymesoda erosa; frying; boiling; lead (Pb)

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
THE EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY OF ARTIFICIAL FEED FOR FEMALE COBIA FISH (Rachycentron canadum) ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF FISHERMEN'S CHARACTERISTICS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WEDGEFISH (Rhynchobatus sp.) AND GIANT GUITARFISH (Glaucostegus sp.) WITH PERCEPTION AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE IN TASIKAGUNG FISHING PORT SOME ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF KRAI COB (Auxis thazard) IN SIBOLGA, NORTH SUMATERA More recent articles
Most cited articles
Field experiment of polyculture technology of tiger shrimp (P. monodon Farb.) Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal), and Seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) in Brackhiswater water pond of Borimasunggu village, Maros regency Aplikasi Teknologi Aquaponic Pada Budidaya Ikan Air Tawar Untuk Optimalisasi Kapasitas Produksi The Influence of Depth of Plantation to the Growth Rate of Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed Cultivated by Longline Method in Mlonggo Beach, Jepara Regency STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN DIMENSI EKOLOGI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN MINAPOLITAN BERKELANJUTAN BERBASIS PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA AIR TAWAR DI KABUPATEN MAGELANG Productivity and Feasibility of Tuna Longliner on Cilacap District Central Java More cited articles
  1. Abdullah, A., Nurjanah, Hidayat, T., Chairunisah, R. (2017). Karakteristik Kimiawi Dari daging Kerang Tahu, Kerang Salju dan Keong Macan. J. Teknol. dan Industri Pangan, 28(1):78-84
  2. Abdullah, A., Nurjanah, Hidayat, T., Yusevi, V. (2013). Profil Asam Amino dan asam lemak kerang bulu (Andara antiquata). J. Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 16:155-162
  3. Adebote, E.E. and Eke, M. (2018). Survey on Problems and Solutions on Method of Production and Rocessing of Fish in Delta State. World J. Marine Sci., 10(2):18-23
  4. Ahmed, A., Dodo, A., Bouba, A.M., Clement, S., Dzudie, T. (2011). Influence of Btraditional Drying and Smoke-Drying on the Quality of Three Fish Species (Tilapia nilotica, Silurus glanis and Arius parkii) from Lagdo Lake, Cameroon. J Anim Vet Adv., 10:301-306
  5. Ajani, F., Adetuaji, V.O., Oyedokun, J.O. (2013). Biophysiochemical changes that occur in fish during different stages of traditional processing. University of Ibadan, Nigeria
  6. Alpatih, A.M., Mifbakhuddin, U., Nurullita. (2010). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Larutan Asam Jeruk Nipis Perendaman Penurunan Kadar Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dalam Daging Kerang Hijau (Perna virdis)
  7. Alyani, D.F., Hidayah, N., Wahyuningsih, V., Zen, A., Choirunnisa. (2017). Kandungan Kadar Logam Berat Kadmium (Cd) dalam Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) dari Pantai Bangkalan dan Upaya Penurunannya. Sains & Matematika, 6(1): 8-12
  8. Al-Yousuf, M.H., EL-Shahawi, M.S., AlGhais, S.M. (2000). Trace Metals in Liver, Skin and Muscle of Lethrimus Lentjan Fish Species in Relation to Body Length and Sex. Science of the Total Environment, 256, 87-94
  9. Amin, R. (2009). Sebaran Densistas Kerang Kepah (Polymesoda erosa) di Perairan Pemangkat Kabupaten Sambas Kalimantan Barat. [Tesis]. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Diponogoro, Semarang
  10. Association of Official Analytical Chemyst (AOAC). (2005). Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical of Chemist. Arlington, Virginia, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Inc
  11. Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). (2007). Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical of Chemist. Airlington: The Assoction of Official Analytical Chemists, 18 end Washington DC
  12. Atia, A. S., Darwish, W.S., Zaki, M.S. (2018). Monitoring of Heavy Metal Residues, Metal-Metal Interactions And The Effect of Cooking on the Metal Lead in Shellfish. The J. Anim. Plant Sci., 28(3)
  13. Ayas, D. and Ozugul, Y. (2011). The Chemical Composition of Carapace Meat of Sexually Mature Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun 1896) in the Mersin Bay. Journal Fisheries Science, 38: 645-650
  14. Baboli, M.J. and Velayatzadeh, M. (2013). Determination of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Muscles of Marine Shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis from Persian Gulf, Iran. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 23(3): 786-791
  15. Badan Standardisai Nasional. 2009. Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat dalam Pangan. SNI 7387:2009, ICS 67.220.20, Jakarta
  16. Bala, F.E., Ikujenlola, A.V., Omobuwajo, T.O. (2017). Effect of Processing on the Heavy Metal Contents of Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia zillii, and Clarias gariepinus from Two Water Bodies in Osun State, Nigeria. J. Food Process Preserv, 1-10
  17. Bayen, S., Barlow, P., Lee, H.K., Obbard, J.P. (2005). Effect of Cooking on the Loss of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Salmon. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 68(4):253-65
  18. Castro-González, M.I. and Méndez-Armenta, M. (2008). Heavy Metals: Implications Associated to Fish Consumption. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26(3): 263-71
  19. Chen, Y.C., Chen, C.Y., Hwang, H.J., Chang, W.B., Yeh, W.J., Chen, M.H. (2004). Comparison of the Metal Concentrations in Muscle and Liver Tissues of Fishes from the Erren River, Southwestern Taiwan, After the Restoration in 2000. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 12: 358-366
  20. Darmono. (2001). Lingkungan Hidup dan Pencemaran. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press
  21. Devi, W.S. and Sarojnalini, Ch. (2012). Impact of different cooking methods on proximate and mineral composition of Amblypharyngodon mola of Manipur. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, 2(4): 641-645
  22. Dharmadewi, I.M.A.A. (2020). Analysis of Leading Metal (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Content Green Shells (Perna viridis L.) in the Kreneng Market. Journal of Sustainable Develpment Science, 2(2): 40-45
  23. Diaconescu, C.;, Fantaneru, G., Urdes, L., Ştefan, D. (2013). Influence of Cooking Methods Over the Heavy Metal and Lipid Content of Fish Meat. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 18(183):8279-8283
  24. Djedjibegovic, J., Larssen, T., Skrbo, A., Marjanović, A., Sober, M. (2012). Contents of Cadmium, Copper, Mercury and Lead in Fish from the Neretva River (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Food Chemistry, 131(2):469-76
  25. Dural, M., Goksu, L.Z.M., Ozak, A.A., Derici, B. (2006). Bioaccumulation of some Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of Dicentrachus Labax from the Camlik Lagoon of the Eastern Cost of Mediterranean. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 18:65-74
  26. Eboh, L,, Mepba, H.D., Ekpo, M.B. (2006). Heavy Metal Contaminants and Processing Effects on the Composition, Storage Stability and Fatty Acid Profiles of Five Common Commercially Available Fish Species in Oron Local Government, Nigeria. Food Chem, 97:490-497
  27. Ersoy, B., Yanar, Y., Küçükgülmez, A., Çelik, M. (2006). Effects of Four Cooking Methods on the Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Sea Bass Fillets (Dicentrarchus labrax. Linne, 1785). Food Chemistry, 99(4):748-751
  28. Estiasih and Ahmadi, T. (2009). Teknologi pengolahan pangan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara
  29. Ganbi, H.H.A. (2010). Heavy Metals Pollution Level in Marine Hammour Fish and the Effect of Popular Cooking Methods and Freezing Process on these Pollutants.World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, 5(2): 119-126
  30. Ganjavi, M., Ezzatpanah, H., Givianrad, M.H., and Shams, A. (2010). Effect of canned Tuna Fish Processing Steps on Lead and Cadmium Contents of Iranian Tuna Fish. Food Chem., 118: 525-528
  31. García-Arias, M.T., Pontes, E.A., Fernandez , M.C., Muniz, F.J. (2003). Freezing/Defrosting/Frying of Sardine Fillets. Influence of Slow and Quick Defrosting on Protein Quality. J. Sci. Food Agr., 83: 602-608
  32. Gerber, N., Scheeder, M.R.L., Wenk, C. (2009). The influence of cooking and fattrimming on the actual nutrient intake from meat. Journal of Meat Science, 81: 148-154
  33. Gheisari, E., Raissy, M., Rahimi, E. (2016). The Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Lead and Cadmium Contents of Shrimp and Lobster. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 6(2):53-58
  34. Ghidurus, M., Turtoi, M., Boskou, G., Niculita, P., Stan, V. (2010). Nutritional and health aspects related to frying. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 15(6): 5675-5682
  35. Gokoglu, N., Yerlikaya, P., Cengiz, E. (2004). Effects of cooking methods on the proximate composition and mineral contents of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Chemistry, 84: 19-22
  36. Guerra-Garcı´a, J.M., Ruiz-Tabares, A., Baeza-Rojano, E., Cabezas, M.P., Dı´az-Pavo´n, J.J., Pacios, I., Maestre, M., Gonza´lez, A. R., Espinosa, F., Garcı´a Go´mez, J.C. (2010). Trace metals in Caprella (Crustacea: Amphipoda). A new tool for monitoring pollution in coastal areas? Ecol. Indicators, 10:734-743
  37. Hajeb, P., Sloth, J.J., Shakibazadeh, S.H., Mahyudin, N.A., Afsah-Hejr, L. (2014). Toxic Elements in Food: Occurrence, Binding, and Reduction Approaches, 13: 457-472
  38. Haq-Nawaz, B., Rubina, K., Muhammad, A.H. (2011). Biosorption of Pb (II) and Co (II) on Red Rose Waste Biomass. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE), 30(4): 81-87
  39. Ibrahim, N., El-Garhy, M., Abdel-Khalek, A., Morsy, K., Ghamdi, A.A. (2018). Effect of Freezing and Different Cooking Methods on Heavy Metals Content of the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 13(2):94-98
  40. Ikem, A., and Egibor, N.O. (2005). Assessment of Trace Elements in Canned Fish (Mackerel, Tuna, Salmon, Sardines and Hettings) Marketed in Georgia and Alabama (United States of America). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18: 771-787
  41. Inobeme, A., Ajai, A.I., Eziukwu, C., Obigwa, P.A., Okonkwo, S., Ekwoba, L.M. (2020). Effect of Cooking Methods on Heavy Metals Content of Food. Journal of Xidian University, 14(8): 704-714
  42. Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M.K., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Masunaga, S. (2015). As sessment of Trace Metals in Fish Species of Urban Rivers in Bangladesh and Health Implications. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39(1):347–357
  43. Japir, A.A., Salimon, J., Derawi, D., Bahdi, M., Yusop, M.R. (2016). Separation of Free Fatty Acids from High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil Using Short-Path Distillation. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1784: 1-8
  44. Jean-Christophe, J.; Edmar, A. C. F. and Honerio, C. J., 2004, Trace Metal Contamination in Estuarine Fishes from Victoria Bay, ES, Brazil. Braz.arch.biol.technol, 47(5):766-774
  45. Jeena, P.A. and Abbas, F.T.F. (2010). Characteristics and Distribution of Elements in the Sediments of Manakudy Estuary South West Coast of India Asian. Journal of Soil Science, 5:192-196
  46. Kadarsah, A. and Susilawati, I.O. (2019). Karakter Morfometri Kerang Kepah Polymesoda Erosa Dari Dua Jenis Vegetasi Mangrove (Avicennia Marina dan Rhizopora Apiculata). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah, 4(1):168-173
  47. Kananke, T.C., Wansapla, J., Gunarane. (2015). Effect of Processing Methods on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Commonly Consumed Green Leafy Vegetables Available in Srilanka. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 14(12):10261033
  48. Kelana, P.P., Setyobudi, I., and Kristanti, M. (2015). Kondisi Habitat Polymesoda erosa pada Kawasan Ekosistem Mangrove Cagar Alam Leuweng Sancang, J. Akuatik, 6(2): 107-117
  49. Lata, G., Chari, H.N.V., Sarma, V.V., Ingole, B. (2013). Variation in Heavy Metals Concentration in the Edible Oyster Crassostrea Madrasensis, Clam Polymesoda erosa and Grey Mullet Liza Aurata from Coastline of India. Indian Journal of Science, 2(4): 59-63
  50. Lomolino, G., Crapisi, A., Cagnin, M. (2016). Study of Elements Concentrations of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Fillets After Cooking on Steel, Cast Iron, Teflon, Aluminum and Ceramic Pots, International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 5:1-9
  51. Mahardhika, R., Riyadi, P.H., Fahmi, A.S. (2018). Pengaruh Lama Waktu Perendaman Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis) menggunakan Buah Tomat (Lycoperdicum esculentum) terhadap Penurunan Kadar Logam Timbal (Pb). J. Peng. & Biotek. Hasil Pi. 5(4): 43-50
  52. Mehdipour, S.Z., Shokrzadeh, M., Khanzadi, S., Shahsavani, D. (2018). Effects of Cooking Methods on the Concentrations of Lead, Chromium and Cadmium in Whitefish (Rutilus frissi kutum) from the Caspian Sea, Iran. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 37(1): 141-147
  53. Mendil, D., Unal, O.F., Tuzen, M., Soylak, M. (2010). Determination of Trace Metals in Different Fish Species and Sediments from the River Yesilhrmak in Tokat, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48: 1383-1392
  54. Mitra, A., Chakraborty, R., Sengupta, K., Banerjee, K. (2011). Effects of Various Cooking Processes on the Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Common Finfish and Shrimps of the River Ganga. National Academy of Science Letters, 34(3&4): 161-168
  55. Monica, K. and Maria, M.S. (2016). Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dalam Kerang (Anadara sp.) yang Beredar di Kota Semarang. IJMS., 3(1):30
  56. Morshey, A., El-Din, A., Darwaish, W.S., Hussein, M.A., El-Ebidy, O.M. (2015). Heavy Metals Residues in Marketed Fish at Manzala, Dakahlyia. In: 2nd Conference of Food Safety, Suez Canal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine I, 112-118
  57. Muchtadi, T.R. (2008). Teknologi Proses Pengolahan Pangan, 3rd ed. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor
  58. Nguyen, T.A., Trang, N.U., Roudot, A.C. (2013). Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Shellfish for the Population in Nha Trang City, Vietnam, Food and Cel lular Toxicology Laboratory Université Européenne de Bretagne, 76(6): 56-64
  59. Norouzi, M., Mansouri, B., Hamidian, A.H., Ebrahimi, T., Kardoni, F. (2012). Comparison of the Metal Concentrations in the Feathers of Three Bird Species from Southern Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 89(1):1004-1008
  60. Nurimala, M., Nurjanah, Febriansah, R., Hidayat, T. (2015). Perubahan Kandungan Vitamin dan mineral Ikan Kembung Lelaki Akibat Proses Penggorengan. J. Depik, 4:115-122
  61. Nurjanah, Zulhamsyah, and Kustiyariyah. (2005). Kandungan Mineral dan Proksimat Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) yang Diambil dari Kabupaten Boalemo, Gorontalo. Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan, 9(2):15-24
  62. Nurjanah, Agoes, M., Jacoeb, Fetrisia, R.G. (2013). Komposisi Kimia Kerang Pisau (Solen sp.) dari Pantai Kejawanan, Cirebon, Jawa Barat. JPHPI., 16(1):22-32
  63. Nurjanah, Jacoeb, A.M., Ulma, R.N., Puspitasari, S., Hidayat, T. (2014). Komposisi kimia Kupang Merah (Musculista senhausia) segar dan rebus. Depik, 3(3): 241-249
  64. Nurjanah, Suseno, S.H., Hidayat, T., Paramudhita, P.S., Ekawati, Y., Arifianto, T.B. (2015). Changes in nutritional composition of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) due to frying process. International Food Research Journal, 22(5): 2093-2102
  65. Oyekunle, J.A.O., Ore, O.T., Durodola, S.S. (2020). Heavy Metal Levels and Changes in Trimethylamine Content of Smoked Fish and Meat under Different Storage Conditions. SN Appl. Sci., 2:1004
  66. Palaniappan, P.L.R.M. and Karthikeyan, S. (2009). Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Chromium in the Selected Organs and Whole Body Tissues of Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus Mrigala Individually and in Binary Solutions With Nickel. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21:229-236
  67. Panichev, N.A. and Panicheva, S.E. (2016). Influence of Different Cooking Procedure on the Hg Concentration in Fish. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(1):63-69
  68. Rangkuti, A. M. (2009). Analisis kandungan logam berat Hg, Cd, dan Pb, pada Air dan Sedimen di Perairan Pulau Panggang-Pramuka Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor
  69. Rashed, M.N. (2001). Monitoring of Environmental Heavy Metals in Fish from Nasser Lake. Environment International, 27(1):27–33
  70. Saputra, A. (2018). Bioakumulasi Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Pada Kerang Kepah (Polymesoda erosa) di Perairan Estuari Sungai Galacangange Kecamatan Suppa Kabupaten Pinrang Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Makassar. (Skripsi)
  71. Sari, K.A., Riyadi, P.H., Anggo, A.D. (2014). Pengaruh Lama Perebusan dan Konsentrasi Larutan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifiola) terhadap Kadar Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) pada Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa). Jurnal Pengolahan dan Bioteknologi Hasil Perikanan, 3(2):1-10
  72. Satrya, B.R., Sutanto, A., Sari, K., Widiowat, H. (2019). Pengaruh Variasi Pengolahan Cangkang Kerang Kijing Lokal (Pilsbryoconcha exilis Iea) terhadap Kadar Timbal dan Kalsium, 57-62
  73. Sioen, I., Henauw, S.D., Verdonck, F., Thuyne, N.V., Camp, J.V. (2007). Development of a Nutrient Database and Distributions for Use in a Probabilistic Riskbenefit Analysis of Human Seafood Consumption. J. Food Comp. Anal., 20: 662-670
  74. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI.2345.5). (2011). Penentuan Kadar Logm Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) Pada Produk Perikanan. ICS.BSN. 67.050
  75. Sukina B., Ahmad, Rasmaniar. (2020). Kandungan Gizi Kerang Bakau (Telescopium telescopium), Kerang Kalandue (Polymesoda erosa), dan Kerang darah (Anadara granosa) dari Kota Kendari. J. Sains dan Teknologi Pangan, 5(2): 2814-2823
  76. Tabari, S., Saravi, S.S.S., Bandany, G.A., Dehghan, A., Shokrzadeh, M. (2010). Heavy Metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr) in Fish, Water and Sediments Sampled form Southern Caspian Sea, Iran. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(10): 649-56
  77. Turkmen, A., Turkmen, M., Tepe, Y., Mazlum, Y., Oymael, S. (2006). Metal Concentration in Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) and Mullet (Mugil cephalus) in Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean, Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77:186-193
  78. Vieira, C., Morais, S., Ramos, S., Delerue-Matos, C., Oliveira, M. (2011). Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic Levels in Three Pelagic Fish Species from the Atlantic Ocean: Intra-and Inter-Specific Variability and Human Health risks for Consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(4): 923-32
  79. Wibisono, M.S. (2005). Pengantar Ilmu Kelautan. PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia, Jakarta
  80. Winarno, F.G. (2008). Kimia pangan dan gizi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
  81. Yunitawati, Sunarto, and Hasan, Z. (2012). Hubungan antara Karakteristik Substrat dengan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Cantigi, Kabupaten Indramayu. J. Perikanan dan Kelautan, 3(3): 221-227
  82. Yusbarina, and Marlianis. (2013). Penurnan Kadar Limbah Ligam Timbal (Pb) dengan Metode Khelasi Menggunakan Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi). Jurnal Photon., 4(1):1-8

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2025-06-16 21:04:52

No citation recorded.