DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.38238

The Potential of Wind Energy and Design Implications on Wind Farms in Saudi Arabia

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Received: 4 May 2021; Revised: 20 Jun 2021; Accepted: 28 Jun 2021; Available online: 10 Jul 2021; Published: 1 Nov 2021.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Climate change and natural resource depletion are likely to affect the future economic development of a country. The generation of power from oil and gas is among the major causes of reserves depletion and global warming. However, renewable energy is also deemed a clean and green choice for power generation to promote sustainability in engineering. The coastal lines of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are widely extended, and wind energy appears to be a viable alternative to traditional sources, which needs to be investigated as it is highly desirable to seek energy from renewable energy sources, for instance, wind. This paper is aimed at addressing the wind energy potential along the Red Sea coast of KSA. Afterward, a suitable wind turbine based upon careful structural analysis has been proposed, which would form a basis, especially during the machine selection and design phases. For this purpose, seven different sites located along the coastal line, namely: Al Wajh, Umluj, Yanbu, Rabigh, Jeddah, Haddad, and Gizan, were initially selected to assess the wind energy availability. After that, a suitable turbine is recommended for yielding maximum output. It has been found from the reconnaissance that Al Wajh has sufficient land availability that receives high perennial wind speed, alongside shallow offshore water depth for monopile installation. Hence, this site is recommended for the development of a wind farm. Furthermore, turbines need to be installed at the height of almost 100 m to produce maximum energy to appropriately utilize the available indigenous wind energy. It is pertinent to mention that the superstructure of the turbines is designed based on the local loading conditions (wind, currents, waves, etc.) of the Al Wajh region. Also, the monopile substructures are proposed in the selected area in accordance with the available bathymetry.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: renewable energy; monopile; wind energy; wind load; waves; currents; offshore structures; hub height; RETscreen; wind maps
Funding: Islamic University in Madinah

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Energy Loss Reduction of Distribution Systems Equipped with Multiple Distributed Generations Considering Uncertainty using Manta-Ray Foraging Optimization Examining the Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: Do Capital and Trade Openness Matter? Valuation of CO2 Emissions Reduction from Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in Africa: A Case Study of Burkina Faso Influence of Various Basin Types on Performance of Passive Solar Still: A Review Studying the Effect of Light Incidence Angle on Photoelectric Parameters of Solar Cells by Simulation Experimental Study on Solar Heat Battery using Phase Change Materials for Parabolic Dish Collectors More recent articles
Most cited articles
Evaluating the potential energy of a heliostat field and solar receiver of solar tower power plants in the southern region of Turkey The Costs of Producing Biodiesel from Microalgae in the Asia-Pacific Region Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control of PMSG-Wind Turbine Exploiting Clean Energy Resource Performance characteristics of mix oil biodiesel blends with smoke emissions Performance Evaluation of the Effect of waste paper on Groundnut Shell Briquette More cited articles
  1. Al-Douri, Y., Waheeb, S. A., & Voon, C. H. (2019). Review of the renewable energy outlook in Saudi Arabia. In Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5058184
  2. Allhibi, H., Chowdhury, H., Zaid, M., Loganathan, B., & Alam, F. (2019). Prospect of wind energy utilization in Saudi Arabia: A review. Energy Procedia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.184
  3. Recommended Practice for Planning , Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms — Working Stress Design API Recommended Practice 2A-WSD (RP 2A-WSD), Api Recommended Practice (2000)
  4. API 2A-WSD. (2014). Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms—Working Stress Design. In API Recommended Practice
  5. AWEA. (2011). Wind Energy Industry Manufacturing Supplier Handbook. In Wind Energy Industry Manufacturing Supplier Handbook
  6. Baseer, M. A., Meyer, J. P., Rehman, S., & Alam, M. M. (2017). Wind power characteristics of seven data collection sites in Jubail, Saudi Arabia using Weibull parameters. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.040
  7. Bruckner, A., Rowlands, G., Riegl, B., Purkis, S., Williams, A., & Renaud, P. (2011). Atlas of Saudi Arabian Red Sea Marine Habitats
  8. Demirbas, A., Kabli, M., Alamoudi, R. H., Ahmad, W., & Basahel, A. (2017). Renewable energy resource facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Prospects, social and political challenges. In Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2014.996303
  9. Eltamaly, A. M. (2013). Design and implementation of wind energy system in Saudi Arabia. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.04.006
  10. Eltamaly, A. M., Addoweesh, K. E., Bawa, U., & Mohamed, M. A. (2014). Economic Modeling of Hybrid Renewable Energy System: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-0945-6
  11. Farooq, Q. U., Naqash, M. T., & Harireche, O. (2019). A Semi-Analytical Framework for Suction Caisson Installation in Sand. 1–7
  12. Germanischer Lloyd. (2013). Guideline for the Certification of Condition Monitoring Systems for Wind Turbines. In Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services GmbH
  13. Guenoukpati, A., Salami, A. A., Kodjo, M. K., & Napo, K. (2020). Estimating weibull parameters for wind energy applications using seven numerical methods: Case studies of three coastal sites in West Africa. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.217-226
  14. IEC. (2005). Iec 61400-12-1. International Electrotechnical Commission
  15. International Eletrotechnical Commision. (2005). IEC 61400-1 Wind Turbines - Part 1: Design requirements. Wind Turbines – Part 1: Design Requirements
  16. Kadiyala, A., Kommalapati, R., & Huque, Z. (2017). Characterization of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from wind electricity generation systems. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-016-0221-5
  17. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, & Saudi Vision 2030. (2016). National transformation program 2020. Saudi Vision 2030
  18. Kumar Sangasuri, S., Srikanth, L., & Savanur, R. A. (2017). Design and Analysis of a 10Kw Wind Turbine Tower. 12, 93–96
  19. Langodan, S., Cavaleri, L., Pomaro, A., Portilla, J., Abualnaja, Y., & Hoteit, I. (2018). Unraveling climatic wind and wave trends in the Red Sea using wave spectra partitioning. Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0295.1
  20. Langodan, S., Cavaleri, L., Pomaro, A., Vishwanadhapalli, Y., Bertotti, L., & Hoteit, I. (2017). The climatology of the Red Sea – part 2: the waves. International Journal of Climatology. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5101
  21. Luo, F., & Hong, Y. (2013). Renewable energy systems: advanced conversion technologies and applications. In Taylor & Frnacis
  22. Marih, S., Ghomri, L., & Bekkouche, B. (2020). Evaluation of the wind potential and optimal design of a wind farm in the arzew industrial zone in Western Algeria. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.177-187
  23. McCutcheon, W. J. (1983). Deflections and stresses in circular tapered beams and poles. Civil Engineering for Practicing and Design Engineers
  24. Mehravar, M., Harireche, O., & Faramarzi, A. (2016). Evaluation of undrained failure envelopes of caisson foundations under combined loading. Applied Ocean Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.05.001
  25. Mehravar, M., Harireche, O., Faramarzi, A., & Alani, A. M. (2017). Modelling the variation of suction pressure during caisson installation in sand using FLAC3D. Ships and Offshore Structures. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2015.1051311
  26. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. (2017). In Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784414248
  27. Natural Resources Canada. (2013). RETScreen ® International. RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software
  28. Ralston, D. K., Jiang, H., & Farrar, J. T. (2013). Waves in the Red Sea: Response to monsoonal and mountain gap winds. Continental Shelf Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.05.017
  29. Rehman, S. (2005). Offshore wind power assessment on the east coast of Saudi Arabia. Wind Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1260/030952405775992643
  30. Rehman, S., & Al-Abbadi, N. M. (2009). Wind power characteristics on the North West coast of Saudi Arabia. Energy and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1260/0958-305X.20/21.8/1.1257
  31. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. (n.d.). /Publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from /publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019
  32. Renewable Resource Atlas. (n.d.). Home | Renewable Resource Atlas. Retrieved February 8, 2021, from https://rratlas.energy.gov.sa/RRMMPublicPortal/?q=en/Home
  33. Saigal, R. K., Dolan, D., Der Kiureghian, A., Camp, T., & Smith, C. E. (2007). Comparison of Design Guidelines for Offshore Wind Energy Systems. https://doi.org/10.4043/18984-ms
  34. Salah, M. M., Abo-khalil, A. G., & Praveen, R. P. (2019). Wind speed characteristics and energy potential for selected sites in Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 33(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2019.12.006
  35. Sanchez Gomez, M., & Lundquist, J. K. (2020). The effect of wind direction shear on turbine performance in a wind farm in central Iowa. Wind Energy Science. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-125-2020
  36. SBC. (2020). Saudi Building Code. https://www.sbc.gov.sa/En/Pages/default.aspx
  37. Shaahid, S. M., Alhems, L. M., & Rahman, M. K. (2019). Techno-economic assessment of establishment of wind farms in different Provinces of Saudi Arabia to mitigate future energy challenges. Thermal Science. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI171025109S
  38. Siemens Gamesa. (n.d.). DanTysk: offshore wind for Munich I Siemens Gamesa. Retrieved February 6, 2021, from https://www.siemensgamesa.com/en-int/explore/customer-references/dantysk-offshore-wind-farm
  39. NORSOK: N-003 Actions and action effects, The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) and Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries (TBL) (2007)
  40. Statistics Time Series. (n.d.). /Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Statistics-Time-Series. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from /Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Statistics-Time-Series
  41. Structural Software for Analysis and Design | SAP2000. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://www.csiamerica.com/products/sap2000
  42. Veritas, D. N. (2010). Environmental conditions and environmental loads. Dnv
  43. You, Z. J., Ji, Z., & Bai, Y. (2018). Impacts of Storm Wave-induced Coastal Hazards on the Coast of China. Journal of Coastal Research. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI85-166.1

Last update:

  1. Geothermal and wind energy: Sustainable solutions for Pakistan’s energy economics

    Muhammad Tayyab Naqash, Qazi Umar Farooq. Science and Technology for Energy Transition, 79 , 2024. doi: 10.2516/stet/2024016

  2. Sustainability of Heavily Loaded Raft Foundations on Granular Soils of Arabian Peninsula with Soft Clay Layer

    Qazi Umar Farooq, Mohsin Usman Qureshi. Key Engineering Materials, 913 , 2022. doi: 10.4028/p-bd7gaa

  3. An investigation of a 3D printed micro-wind turbine for residential power production

    Mohammad Shalby, Ahmad A Salah, Ghayda’ A Matarneh, Abdullah Marashli, Mohamed R. Gommaa. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 12 (3), 2023. doi: 10.14710/ijred.2023.52615

  4. Realistic Determination of Live Loads on Various Reinforced Concrete Structures

    Z. Soomro, S. Khoso, T. Ali, S. A. Abbasi, A. A. Ansari, M. T. Naqash. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12 (3), 2022. doi: 10.48084/etasr.4783

  5. A Blockchain Based Framework for Efficient Water Management and Leakage Detection in Urban Areas

    Muhammad Naqash, Toqeer Syed, Saad Alqahtani, Muhammad Siddiqui, Ali Alzahrani, Muhammad Nauman. Urban Science, 7 (4), 2023. doi: 10.3390/urbansci7040099

  6. Wind-Induced Structural Response of Skylights: A Eurocode-Based Assessment

    Muhammad Tayyab Naqash, Salim Khoso, Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 29 (1), 2024. doi: 10.1061/PPSCFX.SCENG-1381

  7. Orderly charging strategy for electric vehicles based on multi-level adjustability

    Changlong Teng, Zhenya Ji, Peng Yan, Zheng Wang, Xianglei Ye. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 13 (2), 2024. doi: 10.61435/ijred.2024.60053

Last update: 2024-04-16 17:21:00

No citation recorded.