DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.44173

SWHEI: A New Approach to Measure Policy Effectiveness for Solar Water Heaters

1Institut Mines Télécom (IMT) Atlantique, 44300 Nantes, France

2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan

Received: 15 Jan 2022; Revised: 7 Apr 2022; Accepted: 19 Apr 2022; Available online: 28 Apr 2022; Published: 4 Aug 2022.
Editor(s): Grigorios Kyriakopoulos
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract
In the context of the global energy transition, governments design and apply renewable energy policies as tools to replace fossil fuel sources for the heating end-use sector, which represents half of the global total final energy consumption (TFEC). In the last two decades, large deployments of solar thermal technologies, such as solar water heaters (SWH), have helped renewable energy penetrate the heating sector. To be successful, their adoption must be supported by effective policies; however, measuring the effectiveness of a particular policy is a complex task. Some studies design and propose indicators to measure this effectiveness but are difficult to replicate or adapt to specific markets. This work submits a novel policy-outcome effectiveness indicator, the Solar Water Heater Effectiveness Indicator (SWHEI), based on equipment deployment (installed capacity per capita, installed capacity growth) and the solar energy potential of each country, constructed using publicly available data to ensure replicability and universal utilization. The overall SHWEI values for the period 2003–2019 are low, reflecting the current low adoption of solar technologies, but show regional clusters of good performance, such as in Europe. Barbados achieved the maximum value of 6.9, which reflects its outstanding performance, driven by its installed capacity per capita. The analysis shows that the SWHEI is particularly useful to determine policy ineffectiveness while confounding factors could camouflage policy effectiveness. The SWHEI-active SWH policies matrix can help policymakers identify courses of action. Policymakers could 1) use market-entry policy instruments in undeveloped SWH markets (segment C, no policies in place); 2) review and improve failing SWH policies (segment D); 3) propose randomized controlled trials to study causal relationships between SWH policies and large SWHEI (segments A and B with policies in place); and 4) regulate successful markets, allowing for continued organic growth (segment A, no policies).

 

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Solar water heating; policymaking; policy effectiveness indicator; energy transition; renewable energy

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Operational Planning and Design of Market-Based Virtual Power Plant with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources Ultrathin Film Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Performance using Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis Method Decision Support for Investments in Sustainable Energy Sources Under Uncertainties More recent articles
Most cited articles
A New Method for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) Blade Optimization Performance Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms Under Varying Irradiation Castor Seed from Melkasa Agricultural Research Centre, East Showa, Ethiopia and it’s biodiesel performance in Four Stroke Diesel Engine Performance Study of a Floricultural Greenhouse Surrounded by Shallow Water Ponds Cultivation of Chlorella sp. as Biofuel Sources in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) More cited articles
  1. Baccouche, A. (2014). The Tunisian solar thermal market: a change of scale. SHC 2013, International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry, 48, pp. 1627-1634. Freiburg. doi:doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.183
  2. CERI. (2016). Low crude oil prices and their impact on the Canadian economy. Calgary: Canadian Energy Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.rncan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/energy-resources/CERI_Study_156_Full_Report.pdf
  3. Chang, K., Lin, W., Lee, T. S., & Chung, K. M. (2008, February). Outlook for solar water heaters in Taiwan. Energy Policy, 36(1), 66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.07.030
  4. Chang, K., Lin, W., Lee, T., & Chung, K. (2009, December). Local market of solar water heaters in Taiwan: Review and perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), 2605-2612. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.031
  5. Chang, P.-L., Ho, S.-P., & Hsu, C.-W. (2013). Dynamic simulation of government subsidy policy effects on solar water heaters installation in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 385-396. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.009
  6. Enerdata. (2012). Solar Heating in the world. Retrieved from Publication: https://www.enerdata.net/publications/executive-briefing/solar-water-heating-world.html
  7. Energy and Water Agency. (2018, May). Interaction between Photovoltaics and Solar Water Heaters in the Residential Sector. ODYSSEE-MURE. Retrieved from https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/policy-brief/pv-swh-interactions-residential-sector.pdf
  8. Eremenko, K., & de Ponteves, H. (2020). Machine Learning A-Z: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science. United States of America: Udemy. Retrieved May 10, 2019
  9. Ezema, I. C., Olotuah, A. O., & Fagbenle, O. I. (2016). Evaluation of Energy Use in Public Housing in Lagos, Nigeria: Prospects for Renewable Energy Sources. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 15(1), 15-24. doi: 10.14710/ijred.5.1.15-24
  10. Government of Canada. (2020). Natural gas facts. Retrieved from Natural Resources Canada: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/natural-gas-facts/20067
  11. Government of Finland. (2017). Finland's National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NEEAP-4. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/fi_neeap_2017_en.pdf
  12. Handayani, N. A., & Ariyanti, D. (2012). Potency of Solar Energy Applications in Indonesia. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 1(2), 33-38. doi: 10.14710/ijred.1.2.33-38
  13. Held, A., Ragwitz, M., & Haas, R. (2006). On the Success of Policy Strategies for the Promotion of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in the EU. Energy & Environment, 17(6), 849-868. doi: 10.1260/095830506779398849
  14. Huang, P., Castán Broto, V., & Liu, Y. (2018). From "transitions in cities" to "transitions of cities": The diffusion and adoption of solar hot water systems in urban China. Energy Research & Social Science, 36, 156-164. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.028
  15. IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat & EEA. (2005). Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Retrieved from https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf
  16. IEA. (2018). Renewable heat policies: delivering clean heat solutions for the energy transition. Paris: International Energy Agency. Retrieved from http://solarheateurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Renewable_Heat_Policies.pdf
  17. IEA. (2019a). Renewables 2019 (Heat): Market analysis and forecast from 2019 to 2024. Retrieved from International Energy Agency: https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019/heat
  18. IEA. (2019b). Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures Database. (International Energy Agency) Retrieved May 10, 2019, from International Energy Agency: https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/energyefficiency/
  19. IEA. (2020). Addressing Climate Change Policies and Measures Database. (International Energy Agency) Retrieved May 10, 2019, from International Energy Agency: https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/climatechange/
  20. IEA. (2021). Renewables 2021: Analysis and forecast to 2026. Paris: International Energy Agency
  21. IEA, IRENA. (2020). Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database. (International Energy Agency, International Renewable Energy Agency) Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/
  22. IEA-SHC. (2020). Country Report - Austria - Status of Solar Heating/Cooling and Solar Buildings - 2020. Retrieved from IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme: https://www.iea-shc.org/country-report-austria
  23. IEA-SHC. (2021). SHC Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 2020 Annual Report. Paris: International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Technology Collaboration Programme. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/IEA_Solar-Heating-and-Cooling-TCP_Annual_Report-2020.pdf
  24. IMF. (2008). Belgium - 2008 Article IV Consultations: Concluding Statement of the Mission. Retrieved from International Monetary Fund: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/52/mcs121908
  25. IRENA. (2019). Renewable energy auctions: Status and trends beyond price. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency
  26. IRENA, IEA and REN21. (2018). Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition. IRENA, OECD/IEA and REN21
  27. Jefferson, M. (2018). Renewable and low carbon technologies policy. Energy Policy, 123, 367-372. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.07.039
  28. Kagiannas, A. G., Flamos, A., Askounis, D., & Psarras, J. (2004, January). Energy policy indicators for the assessment of the Euro-Mediterranean energy cooperation. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy, 2(4), 301-322. doi: 10.1504/IJETP.2004.005738
  29. Kulkarni, H. B. (2016). Design and Development of Prototype Cylindrical Parabolic Solar Collector for Water Heating Application. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 49-55. doi: 10.14710/ijred.5.1.49-55
  30. Li, W., Tzameret, H. R., & Onyina, P. A. (2012). Somparing Solar Water Heater Popularization Policies in China, Israel and Australia: The Roles of Governments in Adopting Green Innovations. Sustainable Development. doi: 10.1002/sd.1547
  31. Louineau, J.-P. (2018). An introduction to PV technology, stand-alone and grid-tied systems. Solar Photovoltaic Energy Module in Master of Science Curriculum. Nantes: IMT Atlantique. Retrieved April 22, 2019
  32. LSE. (2020). Certificate of Public Policy Analysis. London, United Kingdom: London School of Economics and Political Science
  33. Neij, L., & Åstrand, K. (2006). Outcome indicators for the evaluation of energy policy instruments and technical change. Energy Policy, 34, 2662-2676. doi: 20-2026/j.enpol.2005.03.012
  34. NREL. (2008). Solar Resources by Class and Country. Colorado, United States of America: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved October 4, 2018, from https://openei.org/datasets/dataset/solar-resources-by-class-and-country
  35. Ostovar, A., & Nassar, N. N. (2019, April 16). Natural Gas in Canada. Retrieved from The Canadian Encyclopedia: https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/natural-gas-in-canada
  36. Parsons, J., Gokey, C., & Thornton, M. (2013). Indicators of inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts in security and justice programming. London: Deparment for International Development
  37. Patlitzianas, K. D., & Psarras, J. (2007). Formulating a modern energy companies' environment in the EU accession member states through a decision support methodology. Energy Policy, 35(4), 2231-2238. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.07.010
  38. Patlitzianas, K. D., Doukas, H., Kagiannas, A. G., & Psarras, J. (2008). Sustainable energy policy indicators: Reviea and recommendations. Renewable Energy, 33, 966-973. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2007.05.003
  39. Pirnia, M., Nathwani, J., & Fuller, D. (2011, October). Ontario Feed-in-Tariffs: System PLanning Implications and Impacts on Social Welfare. The Electricity Journal, 24(8), 18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2011.09.009
  40. Puig, D., & Morgan, T. (2013). Assessing the effectiveness of policies to support renewable energy. Technical University of Denmark. Denmark: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  41. Republic of Cyprus. (2015). Scheme for Promoting Saving and Upgrading of Households. Nicosia: Ministry of Energy, Commerce and Industry (MECI)
  42. Republic of Cyprus. (2019). Integrated National Energy & Climate Plan 2021 - 2030. Nicosia
  43. Rogers, T. (2016, April). Development of innovation systems for small island states: A functional analysis of the Barbados solar water heater industry. Energy for Sustainable Development, 31, 143-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.01.002
  44. Roulleau, T., & Lloyd, C. R. (2008). International policy issues regarding solar water heating, with a focus on New Zealand. Energy Policy, 36(6), 1843-1857. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.030
  45. Shrimali, G., Srinivasan, S., Goel, S., & Nelson, D. (2017, April). The effectiveness of federal renewable policies in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 538-550. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.075
  46. Solarray. (2014). Do It Yourself Solar: Austrian Self-Build Coops. Retrieved from http://solarray.blogspot.com/2014/12/do-it-yourself-solar-austrian-self.html?_sm_au_=iVV4FZVjHfpq4MHjW0qjjK76QKc3c
  47. Sovacool, B. K., & Martiskainen, M. (2020). Hot transformations: Governing rapid and deep household heating transitions in China, Denmark, Finland and the United Kingdom. Energy Policy, 139, 111330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111330
  48. UNEP. (2015). Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Paris: United Nations Environmental Program
  49. UNFCCC. (n.d.). NDC Registry (interim). Retrieved April 1, 2022, from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/pages/All.aspx
  50. United Nations. (2022, March 31). United Nations Global SDG Database. Retrieved from SDG Indicators: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/
  51. UNSD. (2018). International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. New York: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/methodology/documents/IRES-web.pdf
  52. UNSD. (n.d.). Direct use of solar thermal heat - household sector. (U. N. Division, Producer) Retrieved 2020, from UNdata: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=EDATA&f=cmID:DS;trID:1231&c=2,5,6,7,8&s=_crEngNameOrderBy:asc,_enID:asc,yr:desc&v=1
  53. UNU-WIDER. (2017). The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions. (D. Arent, C. Arndt, M. Miller, F. Tarp, & O. Zinaman, Eds.) Helsinki, Finland: Oxford University Press
  54. van Dijk, A., Beurskens, L., Boots, M., Kaal, M., de Lange, T., van Sambeck, E., & Uyterlinde, M. (2003). Renewable Energy Policies and Market Developments (REMAC Project). ECN. Retrieved from https://publicaties.ecn.nl/PdfFetch.aspx?nr=ECN-C--03-029
  55. Vera, I., Langlois, L., Rogner, H., Jalal, A., & Toth, F. (2005). Indicators for sustainable energy development: An initiative by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Natural Resources Forum, 29(4), 274-283. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00140.x
  56. World Bank. (n.d.a). Total Population. (World Bank Group) Retrieved 2020, from World Development Indicators database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
  57. World Bank. (n.d.b). Land area (sq. km). (World Bank Group) Retrieved 2020, from World Development Indicators database: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-15 12:39:11

No citation recorded.