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Pemilihan Anestesi Regional dan Anestesi Umum Untuk Pasien COVID-19 Sebagai Upaya Mengurangi Risiko Penularan

Departemen Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro/RSUP Dr. Kariadi, Semarang, Indonesia

Published: 1 Jul 2020.

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Abstract

Penyakit coronavirus (COVID-19) adalah sebuah pandemik yang dinyatakan oleh World Health Organization pada tanggal 11 Maret 2020. Pandemi ini dalam waktu singkat menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Dengan adanya pandemi ini, tenaga dan pelayanan kesehatan melakukan langkah-langkah tertentu dalam menghadapi pandemik ini. Di ruang operasi, seorang ahli anestesi diharuskan untuk meningkatkan tindakan-tindakan yang bersifat mencegah dan menyesuaikan praktik-praktik anestesi untuk setiap pasien. Diharapkan, dengan meminimalisir sebagian besar prosedur yang menghasilkan aerosol yang biasanya terjadi selama anestesi umum, ahli anestesi mampu mengurangi pajanan terhadap sekret atau droplet pernapasan pasien dan risiko penularan virus secara perioperatif ke petugas-petugas kesehatan dan pasien-pasien lainnya. Anestesi umum dengan intervensi jalan napas serta manipulasi jalan napas yang menyebabkan pembentukan aerosol, yang dapat meningkatkan risiko kontaminasi COVID-19 di ruang operasi dan secara signifikan dapat menyebarkan pada tenaga kesehatan terhadap infeksi COVID-19 selama intubasi dan ekstubasi trakea. Karena itu, penggunaan anestesi regional menjadi kunci selama pandemi ini, karena dapat mengurangi kebutuhan untuk anestesi umum dan risiko terkait dari prosedur yang menghasilkan aerosol. Namun, pedoman tentang kinerja aman anestesi umum dan regional mengingat pandemi COVID-19 terbatas. Penulisan tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran dan masukan pada manajemen anestesi umum dan regional pada era pandemi COVID-19.

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Keywords: aerosol; alat perlindungan diri; anestesi regional; COVID-19; penyebaran

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