skip to main content

WORKERS’ MENTAL WORKLOAD IN INDONESIAN SMALL FOOD-PRODUCING BUSINESS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AT A CORN CHIPS BUSINESS

*Rizky Luthfian Ramadhan Silalahi orcid scopus publons  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Anis Lilian Sari  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Putri Intan Sriwahyuni  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Dhita Morita Ikasari  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Riska Septifani  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Ardaneswari Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Panji Deoranto  -  Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

Citation Format:
Abstract
This research investigated conditions of mental workload among workers in Indonesian small foodproducing business, and how work and workers characteristics might influence the workers’ mental workload. A corn chips business located in an industrial central of corn chips in Malang municipality, Indonesia was the research object, in which its seven workers were involved as participants. NASA-TLX measurement involving six mental workload subscales was deployed to observe the current state of workers mental workload, along with determination of mean WWL value as representation of mental workload level. Measured NASA-TLX subscales varied among tasks and subscales, with indications of exposures of mental workload to the workers. This was indicated by high ratings of Mental Demand, Temporal Demand, Effort, and Frustration subscales which reached 70, 80, 90, and 70, respectively. Mean WWL values were in the range of 46.00 to 70.67, with the highest value observed was on Task 2 with 70.67 and Task 5 has the lowest value of 46.00. It is suggested that tasks and workers characteristics could have different influence on the observed mental workload subscales ratings and WWL. This research provides base of understanding and findings on states of workers’ mental workload in Indonesian small food-producing business.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: food business; mental workload; NASA-TLX; small business

Article Metrics:

  1. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Statistik Indonesia 2020 [Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2020]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik
  2. Bosch, T., Mathiassen, S. E., Visser, B., de Looze, M. D., & van Dieën, J. V. (2011). The effect of work pace on workload, motor variability and fatigue during simulated light assembly work. Ergonomics, 54(2), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2010.538723
  3. Braarud, P. Ø. (2020). An efficient screening technique for acceptable mental workload based on the NASA Task Load Index—development and application to control room validation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 76(June 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2019.102904
  4. Brazales, A., Iparraguire, O., & Puerta, J. (2018). User Interface. In F. Jimenez (Ed.), Intelligent Vehicles (pp. 384–394). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812800-8.00009-6
  5. Causse, M., Chua, Z. K., & Rémy, F. (2019). Influences of age, mental workload, and flight experience on cognitive performance and prefrontal activity in private pilots: a fNIRS study. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44082-w
  6. Chen, W., Sawaragi, T., & Horiguchi, Y. (2019). Measurement of Driver’s Mental Workload in Partial Autonomous Driving. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(19), 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.083
  7. Choo, E. U., & Wedley, W. C. (2004). A common framework for deriving preference values from pairwise comparison matrices. Computers and Operations Research, 31(6), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0548(03)00042-X
  8. Colle, H. A., & Reid, G. B. (1998). Context effects in subjective mental workload ratings. Human Factors, 40(4), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872098779649283
  9. Delti, G., Latief, R., & Zea, J. (2018). Pengembangan prosedur operasional baku proses produksi jagung marning [Development of standard operating procedures production process of marning corn]. Jurnal Industri Hasil Perkebunan, 13(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.33104/jihp.v13i2.4132
  10. DiDomenico, A., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2008). Interactive effects of physical and mental workload on subjective workload assessment. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38, 977–983. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2008.01.012
  11. Galy, E., Cariou, M., & Mélan, C. (2012). What is the relationship between mental workload factors and cognitive load types? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(3), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.023
  12. Grier, R. A. (2015). How high is high? A meta-analysis of NASA-TLX global workload scores. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1727–1731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591373
  13. Hancock, P. A., Williams, G., & Manning, C. M. (1995). Influence of task demand characteristics on workload an performance. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 5(1), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0501_5
  14. Hardima, A. A. S., Fathimahhayati, L. D., & Sitania, F. D. (2018). Analisis postur kerja dan redesign peralatan kerja untuk mengurangi risiko musculoskeletal disorders pada pekerja pelubangan plastik tempe [Work posture analysis and tools redesign to reduce musculoskeletal disorders risk on tempe plastic perforation work. Industrial Engineering Journal of The University of Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, 2(1), 7–26. Retrieved from https://jurnal.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/IEJST/article/view/3124
  15. Hart, S. G. (2006). NASA-task load index (NASA-TLX); 20 years later. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 904–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000909
  16. Hart, S. G., & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research. Advances in Psychology, 52(C), 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9
  17. Hermawati, S., Lawson, G., & Sutarto, A. P. (2014). Mapping ergonomics application to improve SMEs working condition in industrially developing countries: a critical review. Ergonomics, 57(12), 1771–1794. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.953213
  18. Inegbedion, H., Inegbedion, E., Peter, A., & Harry, L. (2020). Perception of workload balance and employee job satisfaction in work organisations. Heliyon, 6(1), e03160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03160
  19. Isahak, M., Loh, M. Y., Susilowati, I. H., Kaewboonchoo, O., Harncharoen, K., Mohd Amin, N., Toai, N. P., Low, W. Y., & Ratanasiripong, P. (2017). The association of workplace exposures on quality of life in Small and Medium Enterprises workers: A cross-sectional study in four ASEAN countries. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 29(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539517699060
  20. Jafari, M.-J., Zaeri, F., Jafari, A. H., Najafabadi, A. T. P., & Hassanzadeh-Rangi, N. (2019). Human-based dynamics of mental workload in complicated systems. EXCLI Journal, 18, 501–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2019-1372
  21. Kamil, M., Prawoto, E., Sacawinata, A. K., Diliana, F. B., Rafei, Y. D., Safrida, I. N., Fadillah, I. J., & Kusumaningtyas, R. (2020). Profil industri mikro dan kecil 2019 [Micro and small industry profile 2019]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik
  22. Kusgiyanto, W., Suroto, & Ekawati. (2017). Hubungan beban kerja fisik, masa kerja, usia, dan jenis kelamin terhadap tingkat kelelahan kerja pada pekerja bagian pembuatan kulit lumpia [Physical workload, work period, age and gender relationships to work fatigue level on spring roll wrappers making . Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 5(5), 413–423. Retrieved from https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/18963
  23. Laurie-Rose, C., Frey, M., Ennis, A., & Zamary, A. (2014). Measuring perceived mental workload in children. American Journal of Psychology, 127(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.1.0107
  24. Longo, L. (2018). Experienced mental workload, perception of usability, their interaction and impact on task performance. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 13). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199661
  25. López-López, M. L., Balanza-Galindo, S., Vera-Catalán, T., Gallego-Gómez, J. I., González-Moro, M. T. R., Rivera-Caravaca, J. M., & Simonelli-Muñoz, A. J. (2018). Risk factors for mental workload: Influence of the working environment, cardiovascular health and lifestyle. A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 8, e022255. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022255
  26. Meshkati, N., & Loewenthal, A. (1988). An eclectic and critical review of four primary mental workload assessment methods: A guide for developing a comprehensive model. In P. A. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload (pp. 251–267). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62391-2
  27. Moroney, W. F., Biers, D. W., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1995). Some measurement and methodological considerations in the application of subjective workload measurement techniques. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 5(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0501_6
  28. Moroney, W. F., Biers, D. W., Eggemeier, F. T., & Mitchell, J. A. (1992). A comparison of two scoring procedures with the NASA task load index in a simulated flight task. Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE National Aerospace Electronics Conference, 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1109/naecon.1992.220513
  29. Mulder, L. J. M. (1992). Measurement and analysis methods of heart rate and respiration for use in applied environments. Biological Psychology, 34(2–3), 205–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(92)90016-N
  30. Nataria, O., Dedi, S., & Sabarofek, M. S. (2019). Pengaruh stres kerja dan beban kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai [Work stress and workload influence to workers’ performances]. Cakrawala Management Business Journal, 1(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.30862/cm-bj.v1i1.5
  31. Nino, L., Marchak, F., & Claudio, D. (2020). Physical and mental workload interactions in a sterile processing department. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 76(July 2019), 102902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2019.102902
  32. Nygren, T. E. (1991). Psychometric properties of subject workload assessment measurement techniques: implications for their use in the assessment of perceived mental workload. Human Factors, 33(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/001872089103300102
  33. Purbasari, A., & Purnomo, A. J. (2019). Penilaian beban fisik pada proses assembly manual menggunakan metode fisiologis [Physical load assessment on manual assembly process using physiological method]. Sigma Teknika Universitas Riau Kepulauan, 2(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33373/sigma.v2i1.1957
  34. Qiu, J., & Helbig, R. (2012). Body Posture as an Indicator of Workload in Mental Work. Human Factors, 54(4), 626–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812437275
  35. Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hiearchy process. Int. J. Services Sciences, 1(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(87)90016-8
  36. Setiawan, H., & Kusmindari, C. D. (2020). Redesain metode kerja guna reduksi workload fisik dan mental pekerja [Work method redesign to reduce workers’ physical and mental workload]. Jurnal Tekno, 17(2), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.33557/jtekno.v17i2.1081
  37. Setyowati, R., Jazuli, & Setyaningrum, R. (2017). Penerapan metode REBA dan EFD dalam perancangan stasiun kerja ergonomis pada proses pencetakan produk tahu [Application of REBA and EFD on ergonomic work station design in tofu moulding activity]. Applied Industrial Engineering Journal, 1(1), 65–75
  38. Silalahi, R. L. R., Ikasari, D. M., Septifani, R., Citraresmi, A. D. P., & Deoranto, P. (2018). Beban kerja fisik pekerja pengolah emping jagung di UKM Sofia Kota Malang [Physical workload of corn chips processing workers’ of UKM Sofia in Malang municipality]. Industria: Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 7(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.industria.2018.007.01.2
  39. Silalahi, R. L. R., Mulyarti, G. T., & Madyana, A. M. (2011). Penentuan tingkat beban kerja dan waktu istirahat berdasarkan kriteria fisiologis dan postur kerja pekerja [Workload rate and rest time determination based on workers’ physiological criteria and work posture]. Agritech, 31(3), 207–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9746
  40. Silalahi, R. L. R., Ryan, B., Cobb, S., & Houghton, R. (2021). A thematic analysis on work safety and ergonomics issues in Indonesian food-producing SMEs. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 733(1), 012037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/012037
  41. Siong, V. Y., Azlis-Sani, J., Nor, N. H. M., Yunos, M. N. A. M., Boudeville, J. A., & Ismail, S. (2018). Ergonomic Assessment in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1049(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012065
  42. Soenandi, I. A., Purba, F. R., & Ginting, M. (2020). Penyuluhan dan desain alat bantu di UKM tahu di masa new normal [Counseling and supporting tools design in tofu SME in new normal era]. In Suyoto, A. W. N. Jati, E. T. Pramajati, & M. Kartikasari (Eds.), Prosiding Sendimas 2020 (Vol. 5, pp. 32–35). Retrieved from http://repository.ukrida.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/618/1/Prosiding SENDIMAS 2020 Artikel PKM.pdf
  43. Sokhibi, A., Alfiana, M. A., Lusianti, D., & Wisnujati, A. (2020). Analisis postur kerja pada operator packaging UKM sirup [Work posture analysis on SME packaging operator]. Quantum Teknika, 2(1), 82–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18196/jqt.010212
  44. Suryoputro, M. R., Gumilar, R., & Aliafari, N. (2016). Preliminary study analisis beban kerja mental di industri kreatif [Preliminary study on mental workload analysis in creative industry]. Teknoin, 22(5), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.1300/j022v10n02_03
  45. Talumantak, A., Kojo, C., & Dotulong, L. (2016). Analisis pengaruh human relationship dan beban kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai [Analysis of influence of human relationships and workload towards workers’ performances]. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 16(01), 852–862
  46. Vallo, N., & Mashau, P. (2020). the Impact of Working Hours on Employee Productivity: Case Study of Sabertek Ltd, South Africa. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 26(4), 1–18
  47. van Hooft, E. A. J., & van Hooff, M. L. M. (2018). The state of boredom: Frustrating or depressing? Motivation and Emotion, 42(6), 931–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9710-6
  48. Wulandari, R. S., & Umam, M. K. (2020). Analisis postur kerja dengan metode Rapid Upper Limb Assesment [Work posture analysis with Rapid Upper Limb Assessment method]. Tekmapro: Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 15(2), 94–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33005/tekmapro.v15i2.167
  49. Young, M. S., Brookhuis, K. A., Wickens, C. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2015). State of science: mental workload in ergonomics. Ergonomics, Vol. 58, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.956151

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-12-26 16:09:00

No citation recorded.