In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with and without Bromelain Enzyme from Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus (L) Merr)

Gustria Ernis; Devianri M; Nurul Afiatun Hasanah; Dyah Fitriani; Doni Notriawan; Deni Agus Triawan

doi:10.14710/jksa.25.4.155-160

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.25.4.155-160

In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with and without Bromelain Enzyme from Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus (L) Merr)

Gustria Ernis¹

, Devianri M¹, Nurul Afiatun Hasanah¹, Dyah Fitriani²

, Doni Notriawan¹

, Deni Agus Triawan³

¹Department of Science Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

³Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Received: 22 Dec 2021; Revised: 19 Mar 2022; Accepted: 6 Apr 2022; Published: 30 Apr 2022.

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{JKSA43555,
    author = {Gustria Ernis and Devianri M and Nurul Hasanah and Dyah Fitriani and Doni Notriawan and Deni Triawan},
    title = {In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with and without Bromelain Enzyme from Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus (L) Merr)},
    journal = {Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi},
  volume = {25},
    number = {4},
    year = {2022},
    keywords = {Bromelain enzyme; immune system; immunomodulator; proliferation; Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)},
    abstract = {Immunomodulators are an essential part of the prevention process for treating various diseases related to the body’s immune system. This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory activity of virgin coconut oil (VCO) with and without the enzyme bromelain in pineapple waste extract on the proliferation of mice lymphocyte cells through an in vitro test. VCO was made using two methods: enzymatic using bromelain enzyme (VCOb) from pineapple waste with 10, 25, and 50%, and mixing method without bromelain enzyme (VCOm). The two types of VCO produced were calculated for the yield, moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), and physicochemical properties. For immunomodulatory activity, the test solution was taken from VCOb and VCOm with a variation concentration of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Isolation of lymphocyte cells was obtained from the spleen organ of Swiss Webster strain mice which was performed aseptically with a ketamine-xylazine anesthetic. The lymphocyte cell proliferation test was performed using the MTT Assay, and the Optical Density was measured using a microplate reader at 550 nm. The results showed that 50% VCOb produced the highest yield and 22.22% higher than VCOm. However, the results showed that increasing bromelain enzyme concentration would increase the moisture content and free fatty acid content, but still below 0.2%. The VCOb and VCOm had immunomodulatory activity against mice lymphocyte cell proliferation. However, the immunomodulatory activity of VCO with bromelain enzyme from pineapple waste extract (VCOb) was higher than without bromelain enzyme (VCOm). The highest immunomodulatory activity was obtained at 100 µg/mL of VCOb with a percentage increase of 158.26% compared to negative controls, followed by VCOm of 100 µg/mL with a percentage increase of 137.66% compared to negative controls. The optimum dose of VCOm and VCOb for increasing the proliferation of mice lymphocyte cells has not been found.},
   issn = {2597-9914},   pages = {155--160}  doi = {10.14710/jksa.25.4.155-160},
    url = {https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ksa/article/view/43555}
}

Citation Format:

Abstract

Immunomodulators are an essential part of the prevention process for treating various diseases related to the body’s immune system. This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory activity of virgin coconut oil (VCO) with and without the enzyme bromelain in pineapple waste extract on the proliferation of mice lymphocyte cells through an in vitro test. VCO was made using two methods: enzymatic using bromelain enzyme (VCOb) from pineapple waste with 10, 25, and 50%, and mixing method without bromelain enzyme (VCOm). The two types of VCO produced were calculated for the yield, moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), and physicochemical properties. For immunomodulatory activity, the test solution was taken from VCOb and VCOm with a variation concentration of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Isolation of lymphocyte cells was obtained from the spleen organ of Swiss Webster strain mice which was performed aseptically with a ketamine-xylazine anesthetic. The lymphocyte cell proliferation test was performed using the MTT Assay, and the Optical Density was measured using a microplate reader at 550 nm. The results showed that 50% VCOb produced the highest yield and 22.22% higher than VCOm. However, the results showed that increasing bromelain enzyme concentration would increase the moisture content and free fatty acid content, but still below 0.2%. The VCOb and VCOm had immunomodulatory activity against mice lymphocyte cell proliferation. However, the immunomodulatory activity of VCO with bromelain enzyme from pineapple waste extract (VCOb) was higher than without bromelain enzyme (VCOm). The highest immunomodulatory activity was obtained at 100 µg/mL of VCOb with a percentage increase of 158.26% compared to negative controls, followed by VCOm of 100 µg/mL with a percentage increase of 137.66% compared to negative controls. The optimum dose of VCOm and VCOb for increasing the proliferation of mice lymphocyte cells has not been found.

Fulltext View|Download

Keywords: Bromelain enzyme; immune system; immunomodulator; proliferation; Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

Funding: Universitas Bengkulu under contract 1842/UN30.15/PG/2021

Article Metrics:

Article Info

Section: Research Articles

Language : EN

In Vol 25, No 4 (2022): Volume 25 Issue 4 Year 2022

Recent articles

In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with and without Bromelain Enzyme from Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) Potential for Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Membrane Loaded with Green Grass Jelly Leaf and Moringa Leaf Extract as a Wound Dressing Silica-rich Sodalite Synthesis: The Effect of Variations in Ultrasound Treatment and Hydrothermal Temperature More recent articles

Most cited articles

Pemanfaatan Limbah Penyulingan Bunga Kenanga sebagai Kompos dan Pengaruh Penambahan Zeolit terhadap Ketersediaan Nitrogen Tanah Pemanfaatan Montmorillonit Terpilar Al-Cr pada Adsorpsi Zat Warna Rhodamin B dengan Variasi Massa Adsorben dan Waktu Adsorpsi Sintesis Metil Eugenol dan Benzil Eugenol dari Minyak Daun Cengkeh Pengaruh Penambahan Surfaktan Hexadecyltrimethyl-Ammonium (HDTMA) pada Zeolit Alam Terdealuminasi terhadap Kemampuan Mengadsorpsi Fenol Total Hyptolide of Indonesian Hyptis pectinata extracts in a various solvent using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy and their toxicities More cited articles

Fabian M. Dayrit, Mary T. Newport, The potential of Coconut Oil and its derivatives as effective and safe antiviral agents against the Novel Coronavirus (nCOV-2019), Integrated Chemists of the Philippines, 2022
Andi Nur Alam Syah, Virgin coconut oil: minyak penakluk aneka penyakit, AgroMedia, 2005
Annisa Ammalia Kiti, Zairin Thomy, Essy Harnelly, Could dodecanoic acid VCO from traditional Aceh yeast fermentation used as antiviral agents against 2019-nCOV?, Jurnal Biologi Sains dan Kependidikan, 1, 1, (2021), 1-9
Mohammad Zayyan Firdausy Hakim, Wafa Ainul Fikri Handayani, Salsabillah Nurul Fauziah, Haryanto Haryanto, Kajian: Karakter, Proses Dan Potensi Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Sebagai Pangan Fungsional, Journal of Science, Technology, and Entrepreneur, 2, 2, (2020), 33-39
Aira B. Dacasin, Dixie May B. Diagono, Paula Kate N. So, Von Rovic L. Bautista, Michael Lorenzo B. Bucu, Ruel Valerio R. De Grano, The potential use of virgin coconut oil as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19: A review, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10, 6, (2021), 37-49 https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i6a.14254
Taufik Muhammad Fakih, Natural Compounds Activities against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro through Bioinformatics Approaches for Development of Antivirus Candidates, Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 24, 5, (2021), 170-176 https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.24.5.170-176
Sutrisno Adi Prayitno, The Physical and Chemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Product Obtained Through Fermentation and Enzymatic, Food Science and Technology Journal (Foodscitech), 2, 1, (2019), 1-6
Pramesthi Indah Wiyati, Ami Tjitraresmi, Karakterisasi, Aktivitas Dan Isolasi Enzim Bromelin Dari Tumbuhan Nanas (Ananas sp.), Farmaka, 16, 2, (2018), 179-185
Dyah Fitriani, Eni Widiyati, Deni Agus Triawan, Aplikasi penggunaan ekstrak nanas dan ragi roti sebagai biokatalisator pembuatan VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) serta pemurniannya dengan menggunakan zeolit alam Bengkulu dan abu sekam padi, Dalton: Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Ilmu Kimia, 4, 1, (2021), 8-19 http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/dl.v4i1.4872
Mukhammad Asy’ari, Bambang Cahyono, Pra-standarisasi: produksi dan analisis minyak virgin coconut oil (VCO), Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 9, 3, (2006), 74-80 https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.9.3.74-80
Maria Ulfah, Dinar Putri Octaviani, Ediati Sasmito, Uji Aktivitas Imunomodulator Fermentasi Teh Rosela Jamur Kombucha Terhadap Proliferasi Sel Limfosit Mencit Galur Balb/C Secara in Vitro, Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik, 12, 2, (2015), 49-56
Detris Poba, Ijirana Ijirana, Jamaludin Sakung, Crude Bromelain Enzyme Activities Based on Maturity Level of Pineapple, Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 8, 4, (2019), 236-241 https://doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2019.v8.i4.pp236-241
Yati Sudaryati Soeka, Joko Sulistyo, Elidar Naiola, Analisis biokimia minyak kelapa hasil ekstraksi secara fermentasi, Biodiversitas, 9, 2, (2008), 91-95 https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d090203
Ishak Ishak, Amri Aji, Israwati Israwati, Pengaruh Waktu Fermentasi dan Berat Bonggol Nanas Pada Pembuatan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal, 8, 1, (2020), 57-68 https://doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v5i1.80
Teuku Zulfadli, Kajian Sistem Pengolahan Minyak Kelapa Murni (Virgin Coconut Oil) dengan Metode Pemanasan, International Journal of Natural Science and Engineering, 2, 1, (2018), 34-41 http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijnse.v2i1.13911
Rindawati Rindawati, Studi Perbandingan Pembuatan VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) Sistem Enzimatis dan Pancingan Terhadap Karakteristik Minyak Kelapa Murni yang Dihasilkan, Indonesian Journal of Laboratory, 2, 1, (2014), 25-32 https://doi.org/10.22146/ijl.v2i1.54196
Chairil Anwar, Reza Salima, Perubahan Rendemen dan Mutu Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) pada Berbagai Kecepatan Putar dan Lama Waktu Sentrifugasi, Jurnal Industri Teknologi Pertanian, 10, 2, (2016), 51-60
Rahma Laila Qodriyan Sofiakmi, Maria Ulfah, Ediati Sasmito, Uji Aktivitas Imunomodulator Fermentasi Teh Hitam Jamur Kombucha Terhadap Roliferasi Sel Limfosit Mencit Galur Balb/c Secara in Vitro, Perkembangan Terbaru Pemanfaatan Herbal Sebagai Agen Preventif Pada Terapi Kanker, 2014
Gustria Ernis, Doni Notriawan, Dyah Fitriani, Elvira Yunita, Inta Cantika, Uji In Vitro Aktivitas Imunomodulator Minyak Atsiri Serai Dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) terhadap Proliferasi Sel Limfosit Mencit, BIOEDUSAINS: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains, 4, 2, (2021), 129-135
Karnen Garna Baratawidjaja, Iris Rengganis, Imunologi dasar edisi ke-sebelas, Eleventh edition ed., Badan Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 2014

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-18 09:22:44

No citation recorded.

As an article writer, the author has the right to use their articles for various purposes, including use by institutions that employ authors or institutions that provide funding for research. Author rights are granted without special permission.

Author who publishes a paper at JKSA has the broad right to use their work for teaching and scientific purposes without the need to ask permission, including: used for (i) teaching in the author's class or institution, (ii) presentation at meetings or conferences and distributing copies to participants ; (iii) training conducted by the author or author's institution; (iv) distribution to colleagues for research use; (v) use in the compilation of subsequent authors' works; (vi) inclusion in a thesis or dissertation; (vi) reuse of part of the article in another work (with citation); (vii) preparation of derivative works (with citation); (viii) voluntary posting on open websites operated by authors or author institutions for scientific purposes (follow the CC BY-SA License).

Authors and readers can copy and redistribute material in any media or format, and mix, modify, and build material for any purpose but they must provide appropriate credit (provide article citation or content), providing links to the license, and indicate if there are changes.

The authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (JKSA). Copyright encompasses rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations.

Reproduce any part of this journal, its storage in the database or its transmission by all forms or media is permitted does not need for written permission from JKSA. However, it should be cited as an honor in academic manners

JKSA and the Chemistry Department of Diponegoro University and the Editor make every effort to ensure that there are no data, opinions, or false or misleading statements published in JKSA. However, the content of the article is the sole and exclusive responsibility of each author.

The Copyright Transfer Form can be downloaded here: [Copyright Transfer Form - Indonesian] [Copyright Transfer Form - English]. The copyright form should be signed originally and send to the Editor in the form of printed letters, scanned documents sent via email or fax.

Adi Darmawan, Ph.D (Editor in Chief)

Editor in chief of Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (JKSA)

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Kampus Undip Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 50275
Email: jksa@live.undip.ac.id