DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.21.2.89-98

Membingkai Kontranarasi sebagai Strategi Intervensi Melawan Hoaks COVID-19

*Santi Indra Astuti orcid  -  Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung|Universitas Islam Bandung, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright 2022 MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Latar belakang: Beredarnya hoaks menjadi permasalahan dalam mengatasi pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia. Bukan saja jumlahnya yang besar, serta amplifikasinya yang massif di media digital, tetapi juga konten dan narasinya yang sangat berdampak. Saat Indonesia mengalami gelombang penularan COVID-19 varian Delta yang melumpuhkan situasi di bulan Februari s.d. Juli 2021, terdapat 3 hoaks yang diidentifikasi menjadi penyebab jatuhnya lebih banyak korban yang menghambat penanganan kesehatan dan menjauhkan masyarakat dari upaya medis saat tertular COVID-19. Guna menyusun strategi intervensi untuk melawan narasi hoaks tersebut, debunking atau klarifikasi hoaks saja tidak cukup. Diperlukan upaya lebih guna mengubah mindset penerima hoaks, serta menyusun pesan-pesan tandingan atau kontranarasi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melengkapi strategi desain kontranarasi guna melawan hoaks COVID-19 yang telah memunculkan isu infodemi, di samping pandemi itu sendiri.

Metode: Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan analisis tekstual terhadap hoaks pada tahap pertama, dilanjutkan dengan diskusi kelompok terarah (focus group discussion) pada ke 4 segmen masyarakat umum. Kajian berfokus pada analisis tekstual ketiga tema hoaks. Temuannya digunakan untuk menyusun narasi anti hoaks menggunakan dua pendekatan dalam mengomunikasikan sains yaitu storytelling dan naratif, yang diarahkan pada segmen masyarakat umum terdiri dari anak muda, ibu rumah tangga, laki-laki kepala rumah tangga, dan lansia.

Hasil: Penelitian menghasilkan 4 tema kunci bagi setiap segmen sebagai landasan penyusunan kontranarasi, yaitu tema mobilitas untuk anak muda, tema perlindungan keluarga dan kesejahteraan anak-anak untuk ibu rumah tangga, tema meminimalisasi dampak ekonomi bagi para bapak selaku kepala rumah tangga, dan tema menunjang survival untuk lansia. 

Simpulan: Untuk melawan hoaks COVID-19, diperlukan pesan-pesan berupa kontranarasi yang bisa mengomunikasikan sains dengan baik. Upaya untuk membungkus kontranarasi dapat dilakukan dengan mengenali bagaimana target sasaran membangun persepsi resiko terhadap potensi penularan COVID-19 maupun persepsi resiko saat berhadapan dengan hoaks COVID-19.

Kata kunci: hoaks; misinformasi; COVID-19; kontranarasi; strategi intervensi

 

ABSTRACT

Title: Countering Misinformation: Building Narration as Intervention Strategy to Reduce COVID-19 Infodemic

Background: Misinformation of COVID-19, or popularly called hoaxes in Indonesia, has posed a significant threat during the pandemic. The content and narration of those hoaxes were harmful, particularly when shared through social media which influenced people. It is shown during the outbreak of Delta variant of COVID-19 which set new records in the country's positivity rate and death toll. Three themes of COVID-19 misinformation dominated the toxic ecosystem of information at that time. A thematic qualitative textual analysis toward three themes of hoaxes has revealed properties of deceptions being used to manipulate the public. In order to develop an intervention strategy to counter the hoax narrative, debunking or clarifying hoaxes is not enough. More efforts are needed to change the mindset of hoax recipients, as well as compose counter messages or counter-narratives. This paper aims to complement the counter-narrative design strategy to fight the COVID-19 hoax that has raised the issue of the infodemic, in addition to the pandemic itself.

Method: The data collection technique uses textual analysis of hoaxes in the first stage, followed by focus group discussions on the 4 segments of the general public. The study focuses on textual analysis of the three hoax themes. The findings are used to develop anti-hoax narratives using two approaches in communicating science, namely storytelling and narrative, which are directed at the general public segment consisting of young people, housewives, male heads of household, and the elderly.

Result: An elaboration of the findings from both data collection techniques resulted in four key themes of each segment that laid the foundations for composing a counternarrative against the misinformation; namely the theme of mobility for young people, the theme of family protection and children's welfare for housewives, the theme of minimizing the economic impact for fathers as the head of the household, and the theme of supporting survival for the elderly.

Conclusion: To fight the COVID-19 hoax, we need messages in the form of counter-narratives that can communicate science well. Efforts to wrap the counter-narrative can be done by recognizing how the target audience builds a risk perception of the potential for COVID-19 transmission and risk perception when dealing with COVID-19 hoaxes.

Keywords: hoaxes; misinformation; COVID-19; counternarrative; intervention strategy

 

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: hoaks; misinformasi; COVID-19; kontranarasi; strategi intervensi

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : ID
Recent articles
Determinan Persepsi Perawat Tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Rumah Sakit Membingkai Kontranarasi sebagai Strategi Intervensi Melawan Hoaks COVID-19 Interpretasi Stakeholder Kesehatan terhadap Pengembangan Program Telemedicine “TEMENIN” Hubungan antara Perilaku, Lingkungan, Genetik dan Pelayanan Kesehatan dengan Stunting pada Balita Usia 2-5 Tahun : Telaah Pustaka Pemakaian Masker dan Mencuci Tangan Pakai Sabun pada Masyarakat di Masa Pandemi COVID-19 : Systematic Review Pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional pada Aspek Kepesertaan untuk Mencapai Universal Health Coverage More recent articles
Most cited articles
Perilaku Wanita Pekerja Seks dalam Pencegahan Infeksi Menular Seksual (Studi Kualitatif Pada Anak Asuh di Lokalisasi Gembol, Sukosari, Bawen, Kabupaten Semarang) Perilaku Wanita Pekerja Seks dalam Pencegahan Infeksi Menular Seksual (Studi Kualitatif Pada Anak Asuh di Lokalisasi Gembol, Sukosari, Bawen, Kabupaten Semarang) Pemanfaatan Prolanis di Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama Wilayah Kota Depok Faktor Risiko Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru di Kecamatan Baturetno Kabupaten Wonogiri More cited articles
  1. Purba, D. (2021, September 28). Puluhan Warga Aceh Hancurkan Lokasi Vaksinasi, Petugas Lari Selamatkan Diri, Seratusan Vaksin Rusak. Kompas.Com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/09/28/175818378/puluhan-warga-aceh-hancurkan-lokasi-vaksinasi-petugas-lari-selamatkan-diri?page=all
  2. Ramadhan, R., & Noviandi, Z. (2021, September 28). 156 Dosis Sinovac Rusak Buntut Ricuh Warga Tolak Vaksin di Aceh Barat Daya. Kumparan News. https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/156-dosis-sinovac-rusak-buntut-ricuh-warga-tolak-vaksin-di-aceh-barat-daya-1wcLr0U2hOH
  3. Rini, R. (2021). Belum Sah Jadi Obat Covid-19, Ini Penelitian Ivermectin di Dunia Artikel ini telah tayang di Tribunnews.com dengan judul Belum Sah Jadi Obat Covid-19, Ini Penelitian Ivermectin di Dunia, https://www.tribunnews.com/corona/2021/07/03/belum-sah-jadi-obat-cov. Tribunnews.Com.
  4. Wild, A., Kunstler, B., Goodwin, D., Anne, M., Coase, D., Chew, E., Micallef, E., & Skouteris, H. (2021). Communicating COVID-19 health information to culturally and linguistically diverse communities : insights from a participatory research collaboration. 31(March), 1–5
  5. Compton, J., van der Linden, S., Cook, J., & Basol, M. (2021). Inoculation theory in the post-truth era: Extant findings and new frontiers for contested science, misinformation, and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12602
  6. Miller, M., & Castrucci, B. C. (2021). Changing the COVID-19 Conversation: It’s About Language. JAMA Health Forum, 2(2), e210020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.0020
  7. Dahlstrom, M. F. (2021). The narrative truth about scientific misinformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(15). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914085117
  8. Basch, C. H., Corwin, M. T., & Mohlman, J. (2021). The language of states’ COVID-19 messages: Correlates of positive and negative emotion and health outcomes. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 49(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2021.1908203
  9. Eysenbach, G. (2020). How to fight an infodemic: The four pillars of infodemic management. In Journal of Medical Internet Research (Vol. 22, Issue 6). JMIR Publications. https://doi.org/10.2196/21820
  10. Jin, Q., Raza, S. H., Yousaf, M., Zaman, U., & Siang, J. M. L. D. (2021). Can communication strategies combat covid-19 vaccine hesitancy with trade-off between public service messages and public skepticism? Experimental evidence from Pakistan. In Vaccines (Vol. 9, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070757
  11. Mohammad Ali, H., Batta, H., & C Ogaraku, H. (2021). Communicating COVID-19 Pandemic on Facebook: Illustrations from Users’ Screenshots from Nigeria and Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Media and Communication, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss1.art1
  12. Freckelton QC, I. (2020). COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 72(October), 101611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101611
  13. Bowles, J., Larreguy, H., & Liu, S. (2020). Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe. PLoS ONE, 15(10 October), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240005
  14. Cacciatore, M. A. (2021). Misinformation and public opinion of science and health: Approaches, findings, and future directions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15), e1912437117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912437117
  15. Massey, P. M., Kearney, M. D., Hauer, M. K., Selvan, P., Koku, E., & Leader, A. E. (2020). Dimensions of misinformation about the HPV vaccine on instagram: Content and network analysis of social media characteristics. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(12). https://doi.org/10.2196/21451
  16. Smith, T. C., & Reiss, D. R. (2020). Digging the rabbit hole, COVID-19 edition: anti-vaccine themes and the discourse around COVID-19. Microbes and Infection, 22(10), 608–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.11.001
  17. Calleja, N., AbdAllah, A., Abad, N., Ahmed, N., Albarracin, D., Altieri, E., Anoko, J. N., Arcos, R., Azlan, A. A., Bayer, J., Bechmann, A., Bezbaruah, S., Briand, S. C., Brooks, I., Bucci, L. M., Burzo, S., Czerniak, C., De Domenico, M., Dunn, A. G., … Purnat, T. D. (2021). A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference. JMIR Infodemiology, 1(1), e30979. https://doi.org/10.2196/30979
  18. Agustini, P. (2021). Kominfo Turunkan 2.225 Konten Hoaks Seputar Vaksin Covid-19 dari Medsos. Https://Aptika.Kominfo.Go.Id/.
  19. Dirgantara, A. (2021, July 16). Mafindo: Ada 1.060 Hoaks Vaksin, Kasus Covid-19. Rri.Co.Id. https://rri.co.id/humaniora/info-publik/1115568/mafindo-ada-1-060-hoaks-vaksin-kasus-covid-19
  20. Hidayah, N., Suryani, C., Safitri, P. N., Astuti, S. I., Wahid, A. A., Wiryadigda, P., & Danuaji, K. (2021). LAPORAN PEMETAAN HOAKS COVID-19 DI INDONESIA. Masyarakat Anti Fitnah Indonesia (MAFINDO). https://www.mafindo.or.id/blog/2021/10/18/laporan-pemetaan-hoaks-covid-19-tahun-2020/
  21. Wardle, C. (2019). FIRST DRAFT’S Essential Guide to Understanding information disorder. First Draft, October, 61. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Information_Disorder_Digital_AW.pdf?x47711
  22. Widyastuti, S., Nip, P. D., Dwiyanto, D., Pranowo, D., Nip, M. P., Nim, D. S. R., Alvin, Y., Nim, P., Humairoh, A., & Nim, H. (2020). LAPORAN PENELITIAN PENGEMBANGAN BIDANG ILMU BERITA BOHONG TENTANG COVID-19 DI MEDIA SOSIAL : SEBUAH TINJAUAN WACANA KRITIS Oleh Dr . Dra . Roswita Lumban Tobing , M . Hum ./ NIP . 19600414 198803 2 001 PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA TA. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
  23. Zubiaga, A., Liakata, M., Procter, R., Wong Sak Hoi, G., & Tolmie, P. (2016). Analysing how people orient to and spread rumours in social media by looking at conversational threads. PLoS ONE, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150989

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-04-16 13:26:33

No citation recorded.