DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.84348

Garlic Peel Waste as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Used Cooking Oil Regeneration: Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanistic Evaluation

*Iqbal Kamar  -  Department Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh,, Indonesia
Sujaka Retno  -  Department Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, , Indonesia
Wiza Ulfa Fibarzi  -  Department Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh,, Indonesia
Faisal Faisal  -  Department Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh,, Indonesia
Putri Savira  -  Graduated at Department Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia
Sri Mei Rifkaliani Ritonga  -  Graduated at Department Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia
Published: .
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Dept. of Chemical Engineering Universitas Diponegoro
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

This study explores the valorization of garlic peel waste as a sustainable biosorbent for the purification of used cooking oil through the removal of free fatty acids (FFA) and other oxidation-related impurities. Garlic peel adsorbents were prepared in both unactivated and chemically activated forms using hydrochloric acid (HCl) to enhance adsorption performance. The effects of adsorbent mass and contact time on the adsorption process were systematically evaluated, while adsorption behavior and mechanisms were analyzed using isotherm, kinetic, and surface morphology approaches. The activated garlic peel exhibited superior adsorption performance, achieving a 76.74% reduction in FFA content within 45 min under optimum conditions using 24 g of adsorbent. Adsorption equilibrium was best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting monolayer adsorption on homogeneous active sites, whereas pseudo-second-order kinetics indicated that chemisorption dominated the adsorption process. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed that chemical activation enhanced surface roughness, pore formation, and the availability of active adsorption sites, thereby improving adsorption efficiency. In addition to reducing FFA levels, the adsorbent contributed to lowering peroxide value and acid number, indicating an overall improvement in oil quality. These findings demonstrate that garlic peel waste possesses strong potential as a low-cost, environmentally benign, and renewable biosorbent for used cooking oil regeneration. The study provides an alternative strategy for agricultural waste valorization while supporting sustainable and household-scale oil purification technologies.

Keywords: purifying; garlic peel waste; natural adsorbent, adsorption.  

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Section: Research Article
Language : EN
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