DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33281

Biofuels Production from Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil Using Modified HY Zeolite Catalysts over A Continuous Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactor

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Received: 2 Oct 2020; Revised: 2 Nov 2020; Accepted: 6 Nov 2020; Available online: 12 Nov 2020; Published: 1 Feb 2021.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

The increase in energy demand led to the challenging of alternative fuel development. Biofuels from palm oil through catalytic cracking appear as a promising alternative fuel. In this study, biofuel was produced from palm oil through catalytic cracking using the modified HY zeolite catalysts. The Ni and Co metals were impregnated on the HY catalyst through the wet-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Pyridine-probed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) methods. The biofuels product obtained was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to determine its composition. The metal impregnation on the HY catalyst could modify the acid site composition (Lewis and Brønsted acid sites), which had significant roles in the palm oil cracking to biofuels. Ni impregnation on HY zeolite led to the high cracking activity, while the Co impregnation led to the high deoxygenation activity. Interestingly, the co-impregnation of Ni and Co on HY catalyst could increase the catalyst activity in cracking and deoxygenation reactions. The yield of biofuels could be increased from 37.32% to 40.00% by using the modified HY catalyst. Furthermore, the selectivity of gasoline could be achieved up to 11.79%. The Ni and Co metals impregnation on HY zeolite has a promising result on both the cracking and deoxygenation process of palm oil to biofuels due to the role of each metal. This finding is valuable for further catalyst development, especially on bifunctional catalyst development for palm oil conversion to biofuels.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: biofuels; palm oil; catalytic cracking; deoxygenation; Ni-Co/HY; HY Zeolite
Funding: Research Institution and Community Service, Universitas Diponegoro under the research project of Riset Publikasi Internasional Bereputasi Tinggi (RPIBT) Year 2018-2020, contract number: 387-07/UN7.P4.3/PP/2018.

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Effect of Compression Ratio on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Dual Spark Plug Ignition Engine Fueled With n-Butanol as Additive Fuel The Utilization of Water Hyacinth for Biogas Production in a Plug Flow Anaerobic Digester Movement of a Solar Electric Vehicle Controlled by ANN-based DTC in Hot Climate Regions Preparation of Anode Material for Lithium Battery from Activated Carbon The Impact of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Biomethane Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Two-Stage Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor More recent articles
Most cited articles
Thermodynamic Study of Palm Kernel Shell Gasification for Aggregate Heating in an Asphalt Mixing Plant Thermal and Ash Characterization of Indonesian Bamboo and Its Potential for Solid Fuel and Waste Valorization The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil Passive Design of Buildings for Extreme Weather Environment Numerical Performance Analyses of Different Airfoils for Use in Wind Turbines More cited articles
  1. Adeoye, J.B., Omoleye, J.A., Ojewumi, M.E. and Babalola, R. (2017) Synthesis of Zeolite Y from Kaolin Using Novel Method of Dealumination. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(5), 755-760
  2. Anggoro, D.D., Buchori, L., Silaen, G.C. and Utami, R.N. (2017) Preparation, characterization, and activation of Co-Mo/Y zeolite catalyst for coal tar conversion to liquid fuel. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12(2), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.768.219-226
  3. Bailleul, S., Yarulina, I., Hoffman, A.E.J., Dokania, A., Abou-Hamad, E., Chowdhury, A.D., Pieters, G., Hajek, J., de Wispelaere, K., Waroquier, M., Gascon, J. and Van Speybroeck, V. (2019) A Supramolecular View on the Cooperative Role of Brønsted and Lewis Acid Sites in Zeolites for Methanol Conversion. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(37), 14823-14842. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b07484
  4. Bhatia, S., Mohamed, A.R. and Shah, N.A.A. (2009) Composites as cracking catalysts in the production of biofuel from palm oil: Deactivation studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 155(1-2), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.07.020
  5. Brillouet, S., Baltag, E., Brunet, S. and Richard, F. (2014) Deoxygenation of decanoic acid and its main intermediates over unpromoted and promoted sulfided catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 148-149, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.10.059
  6. Buchori, L., Istadi, I., Purwanto, P. (2016) Advanced chemical reactor technologies for biodiesel production from vegetable oils - A review. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11(3), 406-430. https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.3.490.406-430
  7. Bui, V.N., Laurenti, D., Delichère, P. and Geantet, C. (2011) Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol. Part II: Support effect for CoMoS catalysts on HDO activity and selectivity. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 101(3-4), 246-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.10.031
  8. Chew, T.L. and Bhatia, S. (2008) Catalytic processes towards the production of biofuels in a palm oil and oil palm biomass-based biorefinery. Bioresource Technology, 99(17), 7911-7922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.009
  9. Corma, A. and Orchillés, A. V (2000) Current views on the mechanism of catalytic cracking. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 35-36, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00205-X
  10. Crawford, J.M., Smoljan, C.S., Lucero, J. and Carreon, M.A. (2019) Deoxygenation of stearic acid over cobalt-based nax zeolite catalysts. Catalysts, 9(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9010042
  11. Demirbas, A. (2009) Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(1), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.001
  12. Feng, R., Liu, S., Bai, P., Qiao, K., Wang, Y., Al-Megren, H.A., Rood, M.J. and Yan, Z. (2014) Preparation and characterization of γ-Al2O3 with rich Brønsted acid sites and its application in the fluid catalytic cracking process. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118(12), 6226-6234. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp411405r
  13. Hay, P.J., Redondo, A. and Guo, Y. (1999) Theoretical studies of pentene cracking on zeolites: C-C ß-scission processes. Catalysis Today, 50(3-4), 517-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00486-6
  14. Hewer, T.L.R., Souza, A.G.F., Roseno, K.T.C., Moreira, P.F., Bonfim, R., Alves, R.M.B. and Schmal, M. (2018) Influence of acid sites on the hydrodeoxygenation of anisole with metal supported on SBA-15 and SAPO-11. Renewable Energy, 119, 615-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.044
  15. Istadi, I., Buchori, L., Anggoro, D.D., Riyanto, T., Indriana, A., Khotimah, C. and Setiawan, F.A.P. (2019) Effects of Ion Exchange Process on Catalyst Activity and Plasma-Assisted Reactor Toward Cracking of Palm Oil into Biofuels. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14(2), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.2.4257.459-467
  16. Istadi, I., Riyanto, T., Buchori, L., Anggoro, D.D., Gilbert, G., Meiranti, K.A. and Khofiyanida, E. (2020) Enhancing Brønsted and Lewis Acid Sites of the Utilized Spent RFCC Catalyst Waste for the Continuous Cracking Process of Palm Oil to Biofuels. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(20), 9459-9468. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01061
  17. Kamal, P.N.S.M.M., Mohamad, N.I., Serit, M.E.A., Rahim, N.S.A., Jimat, N.I. and Alikasturi, A.S. (2020) Study on the effect of reaction and calcination temperature towards glucose hydrolysis using solid acid catalyst. Materials Today: Proceedings, 31, 282-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.008
  18. Li, G., Chen, L., Fan, R., Liu, D., Chen, S., Li, X. and Chung, K.H. (2019) Catalytic deoxygenation of C18 fatty acid over supported metal Ni catalysts promoted by the basic sites of ZnAl2O4 spinel phase. Catalysis Science and Technology, 9(1), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CY02027B
  19. Mhadmhan, S., Natewong, P., Prasongthum, N., Samart, C. and Reubroycharoen, P. (2018) Investigation of Ni/SiO2 Fiber Catalysts Prepared by Different Methods on Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming. Catalysts, 8(8), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8080319
  20. Musa, M.L., Mat, R. and Abdullah, T.A.T. (2018) Catalytic Conversion of Residual Palm Oil in Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) by HZSM-5 Zeolite based-Catalysts. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13(3), 456-465. https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1929.456-465
  21. Ramya, G., Sudhakar, R., Joice, J.A.I., Ramakrishnan, R. and Sivakumar, T. (2012) Liquid hydrocarbon fuels from jatropha oil through catalytic cracking technology using AlMCM-41/ZSM-5 composite catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 433-434, 170-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.05.011
  22. Ranga, C., Alexiadis, V.I., Lauwaert, J., Lødeng, R. and Thybaut, J.W. (2019) Effect of Co incorporation and support selection on deoxygenation selectivity and stability of (Co)Mo catalysts in anisole HDO. Applied Catalysis A: General, 571, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2018.12.004
  23. Riyanto, T., Istadi, I., Buchori, L., Anggoro, D.D. and Dani Nandiyanto, A.B. (2020) Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Cracking as an Advanced Process for Vegetable Oils Conversion to Biofuels: A Mini Review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(40), 17632-17652. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03253
  24. Roesyadi, A., Hariprajitno, D., Nurjannah, N. and Savitri, S.D. (2013) HZSM-5 catalyst for cracking palm oil to gasoline: A comparative study with and without impregnation. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 7(3), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.7.3.4045.185-190
  25. Rogers, K.A. and Zheng, Y. (2016) Selective Deoxygenation of Biomass-Derived Bio-oils within Hydrogen-Modest Environments: A Review and New Insights. ChemSusChem, 9(14), 1750-1772. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201600144
  26. Sousa, F.P., Silva, L.N., de Rezende, D.B., de Oliveira, L.C.A. and Pasa, V.M.D. (2018) Simultaneous deoxygenation, cracking and isomerization of palm kernel oil and palm olein over beta zeolite to produce biogasoline, green diesel and biojet-fuel. Fuel, 223, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.020
  27. Sriatun, S., Susanto, H., Widayat, W. and Darmawan, A. (2019) Characteristic of ZSM-5 catalyst supported by nickel and molybdenum. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 509, 012138. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012138
  28. Srifa, A., Viriya-Empikul, N., Assabumrungrat, S. and Faungnawakij, K. (2015) Catalytic behaviors of Ni/γ-Al2O3 and Co/γ-Al2O3 during the hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil. Catalysis Science and Technology, 5(7), 3693-3705. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY00425J
  29. Sugiarti, S., Septian, D.D., Maigita, H., Khoerunnisa, N.A., Hasanah, S., Wukirsari, T., Hanif, N. and Apriliyanto, Y.B. (2020) Investigation of H-zeolite and metal-impregnated zeolites as transformation catalysts of glucose to hydroxymethylfurfural. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2243, 020027. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0001789
  30. Vieira, S.S., Magriotis, Z.M., Ribeiro, M.F., Graça, I., Fernandes, A., Lopes, J.M.F.M., Coelho, S.M., Santos, N.A.V. and Saczk, A.A. (2015) Use of HZSM-5 modified with citric acid as acid heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production via esterification of oleic acid. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 201, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.09.015
  31. Xu, S., Zhang, Q., Feng, Z., Meng, X., Zhao, T., Li, C., Yang, C. and Shan, H. (2012) A high-surface-area silicoaluminophosphate material rich in Brönsted acid sites as a matrix in catalytic cracking. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, 21(6), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-9953(11)60420-9
  32. Yigezu, Z.D. and Muthukumar, K. (2014) Catalytic cracking of vegetable oil with metal oxides for biofuel production. Energy Conversion and Management, 84, 326-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.084
  33. Zhao, X., Wei, L., Cheng, S., Cao, Y., Julson, J. and Gu, Z. (2015) Catalytic cracking of carinata oil for hydrocarbon biofuel over fresh and regenerated Zn/Na-ZSM-5. Applied Catalysis A: General, 507, 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.09.031

Last update:

  1. Hierarchical zeolite for biomass conversion to biofuel: A review

    St Mardiana, Noerma J. Azhari, Thalabul Ilmi, Grandprix T.M. Kadja. Fuel, 309 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122119

  2. Highly Active Mesoporous Zirconium Nitride Immobilized on SiO2 Synthesized by Complex-Assisted Method with EDTA and KHP for Catalytic Hydroconversion of Crude Palm Oil

    Wan Ryan Asri, Hasanudin Hasanudin, Karna Wijaya. Catalysis Surveys from Asia, 28 (1), 2024. doi: 10.1007/s10563-023-09413-y

  3. High Acidity and Low Carbon-Coke Formation Affinity of Co-Ni/ZSM-5 Catalyst for Renewable Liquid Fuels Production through Simultaneous Cracking-Deoxygenation of Palm Oil

    Istadi Istadi, Teguh Riyanto, Didi Dwi Anggoro, Cokorda Satrya Pramana, Amalia Rizqi Ramadhani. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 18 (2), 2023. doi: 10.9767/bcrec.17974

  4. Synthesis of high stability Mo/SiO2 catalyst utilizing Parangtritis beach sand for hydrocracking waste palm oil into biofuel

    Gesha Desy Alisha, Wega Trisunaryanti, Akhmad Syoufian, Savitri Larasati. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13 (12), 2023. doi: 10.1007/s13399-021-02064-x

  5. Catalytic cracking of crude palm oil into biogasoline over HZSM-5 and USY-Zeolite catalysts: A comparative study

    Widyastuti, Liyana Labiba Zulfa, Ninik Safrida, Hosta Ardhyananta, Sigit Triwicaksono, Firman Kurniawansyah, Maria Anityasari, Badrut Tamam Ibnu Ali, Johan Nabiel Raihan. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 50 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2024.07.009

  6. Catalytic Cracking of Crude Biodiesel into Biohydrocarbon Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated Nickel Oxide Catalyst

    Isalmi Aziz, Edra Aditya Fhilipia Ardine, Nanda Saridewi, Lisa Adhani. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 24 (7), 2021. doi: 10.14710/jksa.24.7.222-227

  7. Facile Fabrication of SiO2/Zr Assisted with EDTA Complexed-Impregnation and Templated Methods for Crude Palm Oil to Biofuels Conversion via Catalytic Hydrocracking

    Hasanudin Hasanudin, Wan Ryan Asri, Zainal Fanani, Selvi Julpani Adisti, Fitri Hadiah, Roni Maryana, Muhammad Al Muttaqii, Zongyuan Zhu, Nelio Teixeira Machado. Catalysts, 12 (12), 2022. doi: 10.3390/catal12121522

  8. Hydrocracking Rubber Seeds Oil for Biofuel Production Using Bifunctional Sarulla‐Derived Natural Zeolite–Ni and Ni–Mo/SNZ Catalyst

    Junifa Layla Sihombing, Agus Kembaren, Herlinawati Herlinawati, Ratna Sari Dewi, Ahmad Nasir Pulungan, Nia Veronika, Fithriyyah Karimah, Rabiatul Adawiyah Pangaribuan, Rahayu Rahayu, Ary Anggara Wibowo. Energy Technology, 12 (5), 2024. doi: 10.1002/ente.202301318

  9. Improved Brønsted to Lewis (B/L) Ratio of Co- and Mo-Impregnated ZSM-5 Catalysts for Palm Oil Conversion to Hydrocarbon-Rich Biofuels

    Teguh Riyanto, Istadi Istadi, Bunjerd Jongsomjit, Didi D. Anggoro, Aryadita Ayu Pratama, Muhammad Aviv Al Faris. Catalysts, 11 (11), 2021. doi: 10.3390/catal11111286

  10. Hydroconversion of Crude Palm Oil Over Highly Dispersed Porous Silica Modified Zirconium Nitride: Effect of EDTA and KHF Template

    Wan Ryan Asri, Hasanudin Hasanudin, Karna Wijaya. Silicon, 16 (1), 2024. doi: 10.1007/s12633-023-02659-1

  11. Unlocking renewable energy potential: Harnessing machine learning and intelligent algorithms

    Thanh Tuan Le, Prabhu Paramasivam, Elvis Adril, Van Quy Nguyen, Minh Xuan Le, Minh Thai Duong, Huu Cuong Le, Anh Quan Nguyen. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 13 (4), 2024. doi: 10.61435/ijred.2024.60387

  12. Computational prediction of green fuels from crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking riser

    Agus Prasetyo Nuryadi, Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, Windi Susmayanti, Himawan Sutriyanto, Bralin Dwiratna, Achmad Maswan. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 12 (5), 2023. doi: 10.14710/ijred.2023.54032

  13. Low-oxygenated biofuels production from palm oil through hydrocracking process using the enhanced Spent RFCC catalysts

    I. Istadi, Teguh Riyanto, Elok Khofiyanida, Luqman Buchori, Didi D. Anggoro, Indro Sumantri, Bagus H.S. Putro, Agyet S. Firnanda. Bioresource Technology Reports, 14 , 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100677

Last update: 2024-11-24 22:36:00

No citation recorded.