DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34022

An Experimental Study on the Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with ULSD-Biodiesel Blends

1The Maritime College I, Haiphong,, Viet Nam

2Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam

3Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Received: 30 Oct 2020; Revised: 20 Nov 2020; Accepted: 25 Nov 2020; Available online: 27 Nov 2020; Published: 1 May 2021.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

As a rule, the highest permissible sulfur content in the marine fuel must drop below 0.5% from 1 January 2020 for global fleets. As such, ships operating in emission control areas must use low sulfur or non-sulfur fuel to limit sulfur emissions as a source of acid rain. However, that fact has revealed two challenges for the operating fleet: the very high cost of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and the installation of the fuel conversion system and the ULSD cooling system. Therefore, a solution that blends ULSD and biodiesel (BO) into a homogeneous fuel with properties equivalent to that of mineral fuels is considered to be significantly effective. In the current work, an advanced ultrasonic energy blending technology has been applied to assist in the production of homogeneous ULSD-BO blends (ULSD, B10, B20, B30, and B50 with blends of coconut oil methyl ester with ULSD of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% by volume) which is supplied to a small marine diesel engine on a dynamo test bench to evaluate the power and torque characteristics, also to consider the effect of BO fuel on specific fuel consumption exhaust gas temperature and brake thermal efficiency. The use of the ultrasonic mixing system has yielded impressive results for the homogeneous blend of ULSD and BO, which has contributed to improved combustion quality and thermal efficiency. The results have shown that the power, torque, and the exhaust gas temperature, decrease by approximately 9%, 2%, and 4% respectively with regarding the increase of the blended biodiesel rate while the specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency tends to increase of around 6% and 11% with those blending ratios.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: ULSD; biodiesel; engine performance; IMO 2020 Sulphur-cap; marine diesel engine

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Configuring the Objective Function of A Model Predictive Controller for An Integrated Thermal-Electrical Decentral Renewable Energy System Correlation for Predicting Heat Transfer Characteristics of A Helical Oscillating Heat Pipe (HOHP) at Normal Operating Conditions Energy Use of Mediterranean Forest Biomass in Sustainable Public Heating Systems and its Effects on Climate Change – Case of Study Evaluation of a PV-TEG Hybrid System Configuration for an Improved Energy Output: A Review Effect of Fluid Flow Direction on Charging of Multitube Thermal Energy Storage for Flat Plate Solar Collectors More recent articles
Most cited articles
Performance Evaluation of Various Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage of A Solar Cooker via Numerical Simulation Modeling and Design of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Solar Tracker for Maximum Solar Energy Generation Effect of hydrothermal treatment temperature on the properties of sewage sludge derived solid fuel Tax Incentive Policy for Geothermal Development: A Comparative Analysis in ASEAN Combustion characteristics of diesel engine using producer gas and blends of Jatropha methyl ester with diesel in mixed fuel mode More cited articles
  1. Bari, S. (2014) Performance, Combustion and Emission Tests of a Metro-Bus Running on Biodiesel-ULSD Blended (B20) Fuel. Applied Energy, 124, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.007
  2. Canakci, M and Jon, H.V.G. (2003) Comparison of Engine Performance and Emissions for Petroleum Diesel Fuel, Yellow Grease Biodiesel, and Soybean Oil Biodiesel. Transactions of the ASAE, 46(4), 937-944
  3. Dhahad, H.A., Miqdam, T.C. and Megaritis, T. (2019) Performance, Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emission of a Stationary Compression Ignition Engine Fueled by Water-ULSD Emulsion. Energy, 181, 1036–1050
  4. Duncan, A.M., Noorbahiyah, P., Christopher, D. D., Aaron, M S. and Susan, M. S-W. (2012) High-Pressure Viscosity of Soybean-Oil-Based Biodiesel Blends with Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel. Energy & Fuels, 26(11), 7023–7036
  5. Fayad, M. A. (2020) Effect of Renewable Fuel and Injection Strategies on Combustion Characteristics and Gaseous Emissions in Diesel Engines. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 42(4): 460–470
  6. Geng, P., Hongjun, M., Yanjie, Z., Lijiang, W., Kun, Y., Ji, J. and Tingkai, C. (2017) Combustion Characteristics and NOx Emissions of a Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blend in a Marine Auxiliary Diesel Engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 115, 947–954
  7. Geng, P., Qinming, T., Chunhui, Z., Lijiang, W., Xianzhong, H., Erming, C. and Kai, J. (2016) Experimental Investigation on NOx and Green House Gas Emissions from a Marine Auxiliary Diesel Engine Using Ultralow Sulfur Light Fuel. Science of the Total Environment, 572, 467–475
  8. Gude, V. G. and Georgene, E. G. (2013) Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oils via Direct Sonication. Applied Energy, 109, 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.002
  9. Hoang, A.T. and Pham, V.V. (2019) A Study of Emission Characteristic, Deposits, and Lubrication Oil Degradation of a Diesel Engine Running on Preheated Vegetable Oil and Diesel Oil.” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, 4(5), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1520344
  10. Hoang, A. T. (2019) Experimental Study on Spray and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Preheated Bio-Oils and Diesel Fuel. Energy, 171, 795–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.076
  11. Hoang, A. T. and Le, V. V. (2017) The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(1), 1–7
  12. Hoang, A. T. and Pham, V. V. (2018) A Review on Fuels Used for Marine Diesel Engines. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 41(4), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.26480/jmerd.04.2018.22.32
  13. Hoang, A. T. and Pham, V. V. (2019) A Study of Emission Characteristic, Deposits, and Lubrication Oil Degradation of a Diesel Engine Running on Preheated Vegetable Oil and Diesel Oil. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 41(5), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1520344
  14. Hoang, A. T. and Tran, V. D. (2019) Experimental Analysis on the Ultrasound-Based Mixing Technique Applied to Ultra-Low Sulphur Diesel and Bio-Oils. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(1), 307–313
  15. Hoang, A. T., Tran, V. D., Dong, V. H. and Le, A. T. (2019) An Experimental Analysis on Physical Properties and Spray Characteristics of an Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsion of Ultra-Low-Sulphur Diesel and Jatropha-Based Biodiesel. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2019.1595355
  16. Kumar, B, R., Saravanan, S., Rana, D. and Nagendran, A. (2016) A Comparative Analysis on Combustion and Emissions of Some next Generation Higher-Alcohol/diesel Blends in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 119, 246–256
  17. Lin, Y. C., Kuo, H. H. and Chung, B. C. (2011) Experimental Investigation of the Performance and Emissions of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel/ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Blends. Energy, 36(1), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.10.045
  18. Mangus, M., Farshid K., Jonathan, M., Daniel, T., James, P., Christopher, D., Edward, P. and Susan, S. W. (2015) Investigating the Compression Ignition Combustion of Multiple biodiesel/ULSD (Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel) Blends via Common-Rail Injection. Energy, 89, 932–945
  19. Mattson, J., Nicolae, V. B., Christopher, D., Dan, M. and Nicolae, B. (2019) Second Law Analysis of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel versus ULSD during Operation of a CI Engine. Fuel, 255, 115753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115753
  20. Meng, X., Guanyi, C. and Yonghong, W. (2008) Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil via Alkali Catalyst and Its Engine Test. Fuel Processing Technology, 89(9), 851-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.02.006
  21. Nguyen, H.P., Hoang, A. T., Sandro, N., Nguyen, X. P., Le, A. T., Luong, C. N., Chu, V. D. and Pham, V. V. (2020) The Electric Propulsion System as a Green Solution for Management Strategy of CO2 Emission in Ocean Shipping: A Comprehensive Review. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems e12580. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12580
  22. Onlamnao, K., Sanphawat, P. and Nakorn, T. (2020) Generating Organic Liquid Products from Catalytic Cracking of Used Cooking Oil over Mechanically Mixed Catalysts. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 9(2), 159–166
  23. Pham, M. T., Hoang, A. T., Le, A. T., Al-Tawaha, A.R.M.S., Dong, V. H. and Le, V. V. (2018) Measurement and Prediction of the Density and Viscosity of Biodiesel Blends. International Journal of Technology, 9(5), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v9i5.1950
  24. Putro, F. A., Sunu, H. P., Joko, W. and Setyawan, A. (2020) Thermodynamic Study of Palm Kernel Shell Gasification for Aggregate Heating in an Asphalt Mixing Plant. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 9(2), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.311-317
  25. Ruina, L., Wang, Z., Ni, P. and Jiang, H (2019) Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on the Particulates Structure Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel/biodiesel Blend. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1646351
  26. Sentorun, S., Cigdem, Shyamal, K. S., Xiaoliang, M. and Chunshan, S. (2011) Mesoporous-Molecular-Sieve-Supported Nickel Sorbents for Adsorptive Desulfurization of Commercial Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 101(3-4), 718-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.11.014
  27. Seraç, M. R., Selman, A., Adem, Y. and Seyfi, Ş. (2020) Evaluation of Comparative Combustion, Performance, and Emission of Soybean-Based Alternative Biodiesel Fuel Blends in a CI Engine. Renewable Energy, 148, 1065-1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.090
  28. Zha, K., Radu, C. F. and Marcis, J. (2012) Soot Evolution with Cyclic Crank-Angle-Resolved Two-Color Thermometry in an Optical Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Blend and ULSD. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 134 (9), 092803. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4006710
  29. Zhou, J. H., Cheung, C. S. and Leung, C. W. (2013) Combustion, Performance and Emissions of ULSD, PME and B50 Fueled Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Naturally Aspirated Hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38(34), 14837–14848
  30. Zhu, L., Wugao, Z., Wei, L. and Zhen, Huang. (2010) Experimental Study on Particulate and NO X Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel, RME-Diesel Blends and PME-Diesel Blends. Science of the Total Environment, 408(5), 1050–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.056

Last update:

  1. Production of waste soybean oil biodiesel with various catalysts, and the catalyst role on the CI engine behaviors

    Ümit Ağbulut, T. Sathish, Tiong Sieh Kiong, S. Sambath, G. Mahendran, Sumanth Ratna Kandavalli, P. Sharma, T. Gunasekar, P Suresh Kumar, R. Saravanan. Energy, 290 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.130157

  2. Enhancement of combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil biodiesel using TiO2 nanofluid blends through RSM

    Harveer Singh Pali, Abhishek Sharma, Manish Kumar, Vivek Anand Annakodi, Van Nhanh Nguyen, Nishant Kumar Singh, Yashvir Singh, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, Balakrishnan Deepanraj, Thanh Hai Truong, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. Fuel, 331 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125681

  3. RETRACTED: Enhancement of combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil biodiesel using TiO2 nanofluid blends through RSM

    Harveer Singh Pali, Abhishek Sharma, Manish Kumar, Vivek Anand Annakodi, Van Nhanh Nguyen, Nishant Kumar Singh, Yashvir Singh, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, Balakrishnan Deepanraj, Thanh Hai Truong, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. Fuel, 331 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125681

  4. Understanding Fuel Saving and Clean Fuel Strategies Towards Green Maritime

    Van Nhanh Nguyen, Krzysztof Rudzki, Marek Dzida, Nguyen Dang Khoa Pham, Minh Tuan Pham, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Phuong Nguyen Xuan. Polish Maritime Research, 30 (2), 2023. doi: 10.2478/pomr-2023-0030

  5. Spray and combustion characteristics of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers and diesel blends in a constant volume chamber

    Jingjing He, Xin Su, Hao Chen, Yisong Chen, Xinfeng Zhang, Yanfang Liu, Zhilin Tian, Hongming Xu. Energy Reports, 8 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.262

  6. Effect of dissolving ozone in biodiesel fuel on diesel engine performance

    Surahman, Azwar Hayat, Nasruddin Aziz, Novriany Amaliyah, Andi Erwin Eka Putra. PROCEEDING OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY, MANUFACTURE, ADVANCED MATERIAL AND MECHATRONICS 2021, 2630 , 2023. doi: 10.1063/5.0126568

  7. Study on the effect of the use essential bio-additives on the biodiesel characteristics (B20) and its performance using a 20 kVA generator

    Siti Yubaidah, Egi Agustian, Ihwan Haryono, Hari Setiapraja, Anny Sulaswaty. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING 2021 (SIMASE 2021): Post Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities in Environment, Science, and Engineering Research, 2646 , 2023. doi: 10.1063/5.0113133

  8. Using Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting Ship Fuel Consumption

    Van Giao Nguyen, Sakthivel Rajamohan, Krzysztof Rudzki, Janusz Kozak, Prabhakar Sharma, Nguyen Dang Khoa Pham, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Phuong Nguyen Xuan. Polish Maritime Research, 30 (2), 2023. doi: 10.2478/pomr-2023-0020

  9. Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Biodiesel Based Sulfur as an Additive in Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel on the Unmodified Engine

    Vipul Saxena, Naveen Kumar, Raghvendra Gautam. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 44 (2), 2022. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2022.2059596

  10. Impact of additives from moringa stenopetela leaf extract and ethanol on the emission characteristics and performance of soybean biodiesel for single cylinder CI engine

    Dinku Seyoum Zeleke, Atsedemariam Ayalew Bezabih. Heliyon, 10 (6), 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27619

  11. RETRACTED: Biodiesel unsaturation and the synergic effects of hydrogen sharing rate on the characteristics of a compression ignition engine in dual-fuel mode

    C. Prabhu, B. Navaneetha Krishnan, T. Prakash, V. Rajasekar, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, Van Vang Le, Nguyen Viet Linh Le, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Van Nhanh Nguyen. Fuel, 334 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126699

  12. A Review on the Role and Impact of Typical Alcohol Additives in Controlling Emissions from Diesel Engines

    Minh Quang Chau, Van Vang Le, Tri Hieu Le, Van Tam Bui. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 11 (1), 2022. doi: 10.14710/ijred.2022.42263

  13. Modeling-optimization of performance and emission characteristics of dual-fuel engine powered with pilot diesel and agricultural-food waste-derived biogas

    Zafar Said, Prabhakar Sharma, Bhaskor J. Bora, Van Nhanh Nguyen, Thi Anh Em Bui, Dinh Tuyen Nguyen, Xuan Thanh Dinh, Xuan Phuong Nguyen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48 (18), 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.150

  14. Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships

    Diego Micheli, Stefano Clemente, Rodolfo Taccani. 2022. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-824471-5.00008-6

  15. Effect of butanol additive with mango seed biodiesel and diesel ternary blends on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine

    Khurshid Ahmad, Prashant Saini. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 44 (4), 2022. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2022.2143954

  16. Exergy, exergoeconomic, life cycle, and exergoenvironmental assessments for an engine fueled by diesel–ethanol blends with aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide additive nanoparticles

    Ümit Ağbulut, Cuneyt Uysal, Eduardo J.C. Cavalcanti, Monica Carvalho, Mustafa Karagöz, Suat Saridemir. Fuel, 320 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123861

  17. Effect of alcohol additives on diesel engine performance: a review

    Tan Trung Truong, Xuan Phuong Nguyen, Van Viet Pham, Van Vang Le, Anh Tuan Le, Van Tam Bui. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2021.2011490

  18. Hierarchical construction strategy on LudoxZSM-5 to improve oxidative desulfurization catalytic performanced

    Lisa Adhani, Bambang Heru Susanto, Mohammad Nasikin. THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: BCEE5, 3219 , 2024. doi: 10.1063/5.0237665

  19. Comparative analysis of filterability behavior of B30 and B40 biodiesel blends on various porosity and dimension of fuel filter

    Yogi Pramudito, Nur Allif Fathurrahman, Ahmad Syihan Auzani, Cahyo Setyo Wibowo, Riesta Anggarani, Ariana Soemanto, Bambang Sugiarto. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 12 (4), 2023. doi: 10.14710/ijred.2023.52801

  20. Impact of a novel fuel additive containing boron and hydrogen on diesel engine performance and emissions

    Suleyman Simsek, Samet Uslu, Mukerrem Sahin, Fatih Arlı, Gulbahar Bilgic. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 46 (1), 2024. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2021.1946621

  21. Experimental analysis of performance and emission of a turbocharged diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode fueled with bamboo leaf-generated gaseous and waste palm oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends

    Biswajeet Nayak, Thingujam Jackson Singh, Anh Tuan Hoang. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2021.2009595

  22. Optimizing fuel injection timing: Investigating the effects of injection timing on combustion performance and emission characteristics of high and low sulfur fuels in a diesel engine

    Naima Issa Ahmed, Jeong Kuk Kim, Kang Woo Chun, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Won-Ju Lee. Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology, 48 (5), 2024. doi: 10.5916/jamet.2024.48.5.287

  23. Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review

    Dong Lin Loo, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Jun Sheng Teh, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, Farooq Sher. Sustainability, 13 (17), 2021. doi: 10.3390/su13179677

  24. Influence of Renewable Fuels and Nanoparticles Additives on Engine Performance and Soot Nanoparticles Characteristics

    Mohammed A. Fayad, Azher M Abed, Salman H Omran, Alaa Abdulhady Jaber, Amerah A Radhi, Hayder A Dhahad, Miqdam T Chaichan, Talal Yusaf. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 11 (4), 2022. doi: 10.14710/ijred.2022.45294

  25. Management Strategy for Seaports Aspiring to Green Logistical Goals of IMO: Technology and Policy Solutions

    Thanh Tuan Le, Hoang Phuong Nguyen, Krzysztof Rudzki, Lech Rowiński, Viet Duc Bui, Thanh Hai Truong, Huu Cuong Le, Nguyen Dang Khoa Pham. Polish Maritime Research, 30 (2), 2023. doi: 10.2478/pomr-2023-0031

  26. Biodiesel unsaturation and the synergic effects of hydrogen sharing rate on the characteristics of a compression ignition engine in dual-fuel mode

    C. Prabhu, B. Navaneetha Krishnan, T. Prakash, V. Rajasekar, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, Van Vang Le, Nguyen Viet Linh Le, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Van Nhanh Nguyen. Fuel, 334 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126699

  27. Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review

    Dong Lin Loo, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Jun Sheng Teh, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, Farooq Sher. Sustainability, 13 (17), 2021. doi: 10.3390/su13179677

  28. Comparison Performance CI Engine of Using High-Speed Diesel Fuel-Biodiesel Blend (B30) and (B40) on Diesel Engine Dyno Test

    Yogi Pramudito, Dimaz Wirahadi, Nur Allif Faturrahman, Faqih Supriadi, Sylvia Ayu Bethari, Dimitri Rulianto, Setyo Widodo, Catur Y Respatiningsih, Lies Aisyah, Emi Yuliarita, Riesta Anggarani, Maymuchar, Cahyo Setyo Wibowo. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1034 (1), 2022. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012058

  29. Comparison of the Engine Performance of Soybean Oil Biodiesel Emulsions Prepared by Phase Inversion Temperature and Mechanical Homogenization Methods

    Cherng-Yuan Lin, Keng-Hung Lin. Processes, 11 (3), 2023. doi: 10.3390/pr11030907

Last update: 2025-07-23 19:04:24

No citation recorded.