DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.43246

An Investigation into the Role of Tourism Growth, Conventional Energy Consumption and Real Income on Ecological Footprint Nexus in France

1Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey

2Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom

3Adnan Kassar School of Business, Department of Economics Lebanese American University, Beirut , Lebanon

Received: 11 Dec 2021; Revised: 6 May 2022; Accepted: 10 Sep 2022; Available online: 25 Sep 2022; Published: 1 Jan 2023.
Editor(s): Grigorios Kyriakopoulos
Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract
Previously documented studies in the literature on how tourism leads to economic growth in the form of tourism-led growth hypotheses (TLGH) has been investigated. This study presents a new perspective on the growth of tourism by considering its impact on conventional energy consumption, real income level, and emission via the channel of globalization. Sequences of econometric tests were conducted to validate the hypothesized claims between tourism development and growth impact on conventional energy consumption and pollution proxy by ecological footprints, globalization GDP per capita, biocapacity, and tourists for the case of France. Empirical evidence from the Granger causality test presents a uni-directional causality from ecological footprints to GDP per capita and from biocapacity to ecological footprints. The correlation matrix shows interrelation amongst series with biocapacity significantly correlating with ecological footprints with tourist’s arrival having a positive correlation with ecological footprints and a negative one with biocapacity. GPD per capita was found to positively affect the ecological footprints and have a negative correlation with biocapacity and a significant relationship with tourists' arrivals. Additionally, globalization exerts a positive impact on ecological footprints, and its effect on biocapacity was found to be negative although globalization's effect on tourists’ arrivals and per capita GDP is significant. The ARDL estimation indicated biocapacity as a neutral agent for ecological footprints, tourist arrivals having a negative impact on ecological footprints, and globalization significantly affecting ecological footprints. From these findings, it is evident that tourism growth has a significant impact on energy consumption and pollution. Policy recommendations were also provided in this study accordingly. 
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Biocapacity; Tourists Arrivals; Globalization; energy consumption; Tourism growth; Ecological footprints.
Funding: none

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Experimental Evaluation of Thermohydraulic Performance of Tubular Solar Air Heater Optimization of a Management Algorithm for an Innovative System of Automatic Switching between Two Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine Modes for an Ecological Production of Green Energy Optimization and Analysis of a Low-Pressure Water Scrubbing Biogas Upgrading System via the Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology Approaches The Various Designs of Storage Solar Collectors: A Review More recent articles
Most cited articles
A novel single input double output (SIDO) converter for torque ripple minimization in solar powered BLDC motor Determination of Sliced Pineapple Drying Characteristics in A Closed Loop Heat Pump Assisted Drying System Thermodynamic Study of Palm Kernel Shell Gasification for Aggregate Heating in an Asphalt Mixing Plant A Review on Solar PV Based Grid Connected Microinverter Control Schemes and Topologies Historic Developments, Current Technologies and Potential of Nanotechnology to Develop Next Generation Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency More cited articles
  1. Adedoyin, F. F., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(31), 38881-38900 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09869-9
  2. Akalpler E, Hove S (2019) Carbon emissions, energy use, real GDP per capita and trade matrix in the Indian economy-an ARDL approach. Energy 168:1081–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.012
  3. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Tourism and growth in the Caribbean–evidence from a panel error correction model. Tourism Economics, 18(2), 449-456. https://doi: 10.5367/te.2012.0119
  4. Amelung, B., & Nicholls, S. (2014). Implications of climate change for tourism in Australia. Tourism Management, 41(1), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.002
  5. Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O. M., Bekun, F. V., & Adedoyin, F. F. (2020). The asymmetric impact of air transport on economic growth in Spain: fresh evidence from the tourism-led growth hypothesis. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1720624
  6. Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2015). The dynamic interaction between combustible renewables and waste consumption and international tourism: the case of Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12050-12061. https://doi.org 10.1007/s11356-015-4483-x
  7. Bekun, F. V., Adedoyin, F. F., Etokakpan, M. U., & Gyamfi, B. A. (2021). Exploring the tourism-CO2 emissions-real income nexus in E7 countries: accounting for the role of institutional quality. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2021.2017725
  8. Berrittella, M., Bigano, A., Roson, R., & Tol, R. S. (2006). A general equilibrium analysis of climate change impacts on tourism. Tourism management, 27(5), 913-924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.002
  9. Dang X., Liu G., Xue, S., & Li, P (2013). An ecological footprint and energy-based assessment of an ecological restoration program in loess Hilly Region of China. Ecological Engineering..61, 258-267; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.018
  10. Danish, Hassan, S., Baloch M., Mahmood N., & Zhang J., (2019). Linking economic growth and ecological footprint through human capital and biocapacity. Sustainable Cities and Society, 47, 101516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101516
  11. Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: an empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism economics, 10(3), 305-316. https://doi.org/10.5367/0000000041895094
  12. Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: A panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
  13. Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
  14. Işik, C., Doğan, E., & Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the tourism–energy–growth nexus for the top 10 most-visited countries. Economies, 5(4), 40-65. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5040040
  15. Dube K, Nhamo, G,. (2018). Climate variability change and potential impacts on tourism. Evidence from Zambian of the victoria falls. Environmental Science and policy, 84,113-123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.009
  16. Etokakpan, M. U., Bekun, F. V., & Abubakar, A. M. (2019). Examining the tourism-led growth hypothesis, agricultural-led growth hypothesis and economic growth in top agricultural producing economies. European Journal of Tourism Research, 21, 132-137. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v21i.364
  17. Fahimi, A., Saint Akadiri, S., Seraj, M., & Akadiri, A. C. (2018). Testing the role of tourism and human capital development in economic growth. A panel causality study of micro states. Tourism management perspectives, 28, 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.004
  18. French Travel Blog(2020)Why is France the World’s top tourist destination available at https://www.france-justforyou.com/blog/why-france-is-the-worlds-top-tourist-destination
  19. Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2020). The role of international tourism on energy consumption: empirical evidence from Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(9), 1059-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1574723
  20. Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2013). Challenges of tourism in a low‐carbon economy. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: Climate change, 4(6), 525-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.243
  21. Katirciog˘lu, S. T. (2014). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41(3), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
  22. Katircioglu, S., Saqib, N., Katircioglu, S., Kilinc, C. C., & Gul, H. (2020). Estimating the effects of tourism growth on emission pollutants: empirical evidence from a small island, Cyprus. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00803-z
  23. Khan A, Chenggang Y, Hussain J, Bano S, Nawaz Aa (2020) Natural resources, tourism development, and energy-growth-CO2 emission nexus: a simultaneity modeling analysis of BRI countries. Resour Policy 68:101751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101751
  24. Kirikkaleli, D., Adedoyin, F.F., Bekun, F.V., 2020. Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in the UK : Evidence from wavelet coherence approach. Journal of Public Affairs. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2130
  25. Koens, A., & Wood, R. C. (2017). An analysis of international employment levels in hospitality occupations using secondary statistics. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(5), 496–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2122
  26. Liu, Y., Kumail, T., Ali, W., & Sadiq, F. (2019). The dynamic relationship between CO2 emission, international tourism, and energy consumption in Pakistan: a cointegration approach. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2019-0006
  27. Louca, C. (2006). Income and expenditure in the tourism industry: time series evidence from Cyprus. Tourism Economics, 12(4), 603–617. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006779319963
  28. Ma, B. 2015. Does urbanization affect energy intensities across provinces in China? Long-run elasticities estimation using dynamic panels with heterogeneous slopes. Energy Economics, 49, 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.03.012
  29. Mbaiwa, J. E. (2003). The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana. Journal of arid environments, 54(2), 447-467. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1101
  30. Nepal, R., al Irsyad, M. I., & Nepal, S. K. (2019). Tourist arrivals, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in a developing economy–implications for sustainable tourism. Tourism Management, 72, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.025
  31. Ozcan, C. C., Bekun, F. V., & Nazlioglu, S. (2021). Tourism‐induced pollutant emissions in Mediterranean countries: Evidence from panel causality analysis. International Social Science Journal, 71(241-242), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12292
  32. Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Chen, C. F. (2017). The effects of tourism on economic growth and CO2 emissions: A comparison between developed and developing economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516667848
  33. Read, M. (2013). Socio-economic and environmental cost benefit analysis for tourism products—A prototype tool to make holidays more sustainable. Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2013.09.003
  34. Roudi, S., Arasli, H., & Akadiri, S. S. (2019). New insights into an old issue–examining the influence of tourism on economic growth: evidence from selected small island developing states. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(11), 1280-1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1431207
  35. Saint Akadiri, S., Alola, A. A., Akadiri, A. C., & Alola, U. V. (2019). Renewable energy consumption in EU-28 countries: policy toward pollution mitigation and economic sustainability. Energy Policy, 132, 803-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.040
  36. Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Jabeur, S. B., & Nurunnabi, M. (2019). Tourism development, energy consumption, and environmental quality in Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco: A trivariate analysis. GeoJournal, 84(3), 593-609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9878-z
  37. Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). The impacts of tourism, energy consumption, and political instability on economic growth in the MENA countries. Energy Policy, 68, 458-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.004
  38. Tecel, A., Katircioğlu, S., Taheri, E., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). Causal interactions among tourism, foreign direct investment, domestic credits, and economic growth: evidence from selected Mediterranean countries. Portuguese Economic Journal, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-020-00181-5
  39. UNWTO. (2007). Tourism’s carbon emissions measured in landmark report launched at COP25. Retrieved February 2, 2020, from unwto.org
  40. UNWTO. (2015). Why Tourism? UNWTO
  41. WTTC. (2015). Travel and tourism: Economic impact 2015
  42. WTTC. (2017). Travel and tourism economic impact 2017. https://www.wttc.org/research/economic-research/ economic-impact-analysis/. Accessed 18 June 2017
  43. Xu, H., and Zhang, W. 2016. The causal relationship between carbon emissions and land urbanization quality: A panel data analysis for Chinese provinces. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 241–248. Z. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.076
  44. Zhang J and Zhang Y (2020) Tourism, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in China. Tour Econ 26. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1354816620918458

Last update:

  1. Assessing decarbonization: a comparison of the green sacrifice ratio for China and India

    Sinan Erdogan, Ugur Korkut Pata, Mustafa Tevfik Kartal. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 31 (4), 2024. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2023.2294461

  2. Are renewable energy resources, oil price, and trade openness helping France achieve its environmental targets? Evidence from an asymmetric analysis

    Emna Omri, Haifa Saadaoui, Damien Bazin. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 30 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.jeca.2024.e00371

  3. The dynamic impact of non-renewable and renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint in Indonesia

    Ghalieb Mutig Idroes, Irsan Hardi, Md. Hasanur Rahman, Mohd Afjal, Teuku Rizky Noviandy, Rinaldi Idroes. Carbon Research, 3 (1), 2024. doi: 10.1007/s44246-024-00117-0

Last update: 2024-12-29 03:24:14

No citation recorded.