DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.44328

Substitution Garden and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure Planning, Universitas Pertamina, Komplek Universitas Pertamina, Jalan Sinabung II, Terusan Simprug, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia

2Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Study Program of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir Sutami 36A, Kentingan, Surakarta, Indonesia

3Engineering Management, Industrial and Agroindusty Technology Faculty, Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia, Kompleks PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, Jl. Veteran, Kb. Dalem, Sidomoro, Kebomas, Gresik 61122, East Java, Indonesia

4 Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 36210, Perak, Malaysia

5 Environmental Sciences Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia

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Received: 23 Jan 2022; Revised: 15 Feb 2022; Accepted: 13 Mar 2022; Available online: 20 Mar 2022; Published: 5 May 2022.
Editor(s): Peter Nai Yuh Yek
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract
The generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and garden waste must be recycled to support the circular economy. An alternative way to reduce the plastics waste is to reduce this waste by converting it into energy such as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as an alternative for processing waste. Substitution of plastic and garden waste is an opportunity to be analyzed. Hence, This study aimed to investigate the potential for converting material substitution from PET and garden waste into RDF. The RDF characterized test method was carried out by proximate, water content, ash content, and analysis. At the same time, the calorific value. was tested by bomb calorimetry. Substitution of the mixture of plastic and garden waste affects each parameter of RDF pellet quality including water, ash, and caloric value (sig.< 0.05). The increase of plastic waste in pellets consistently increases the calorific value of RDF from 18.94 until 25.04 MJ/kg. The RDF pellet water and ash content also invariably affect the rate of increase in the calorific value of RDF in the multilinearity model (sig.<0.05; R2 is 0.935). The thermal stability of the pellets occurred at a temperature of 5000C decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in mixed garden waste with plastic in RDF pellets. The decrease in the decomposition of PET into terephthalic acid monomer from the thermal stability of raw materials and waste PET plastic pellets occurs at a temperature of 4500˚C. This potential finding can be used as a basis for consideration in regions or countries that have the generation of garden waste and plastic, especially the type of PET to be used as an environmentally friendly fuel.
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Keywords: Garden waste; polyethylene terephthalate; refused derived fuel; waste to energy; caloric value

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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  2. Alfahdawi, I. H., Osman, S. A., Hamid, R., & AL-Hadithi, A. I. (2019). Influence of PET wastes on the environment and high strength concrete properties exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 225, 358–370. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.214
  3. Aryan, Y., Yadav, P., & Samadder, S. R. (2019). Life Cycle Assessment of the existing and proposed plastic waste management options in India: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 1268–1283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.236
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  5. Brems, A., Baeyens, J., Vandecasteele, C., & Dewil, R. (2011). Polymeric cracking of waste polyethylene terephthalate to chemicals and energy. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 61(7), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.61.7.721
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  14. Indonesia, I. S., & Timur, G. J. (2018). Rancang Bangun Solar Dryer Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF) Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif. Rekayasa Mesin, 9(3), 211–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2018.009.03.8
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  52. Hajinezhad, A., Halimehjani, E. Z., & Tahani, M. (2016). Utilization of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from urban waste as an alternative fuel for cement factory: A case study. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 6(2), 702–714
  53. Haque, M. S. (2019). Sustainable use of plastic brick from waste PET plastic bottle as building block in Rohingya refugee camp: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(36), 36163–36183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06843-y
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  56. Hwang, I.-H., Kobayashi, J., & Kawamoto, K. (2014). Characterization of products obtained from pyrolysis and steam gasification of wood waste, RDF, and RPF. Waste Management, 34(2), 402–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.009
  57. Indonesia, I. S., & Timur, G. J. (2018). Rancang Bangun Solar Dryer Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF) Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif. Rekayasa Mesin, 9(3), 211–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2018.009.03.8
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  60. Ma, Z., Ryberg, M. W., Wang, P., Tang, L., & Chen, W.-Q. (2020). China's Import of Waste PET Bottles Benefited Global Plastic Circularity and Environmental Performance. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(45), 16861–16868. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05926
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  62. Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020). Towards a circular economy for plastic packaging wastes – the environmental potential of chemical recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 162, 105010. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010
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  66. Ozyuguran, A., Akturk, A., & Yaman, S. (2018). Optimal use of condensed parameters of ultimate analysis to predict the calorific value of biomass. Fuel, 214, 640–646. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.082
  67. Qonitan, F. D., Suryawan, I. W. K., & Rahman, A. (2021). Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Energy Utilization Potential in Major Cities of Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1858(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1858/1/012064
  68. R Darmawan, S. A. C., Sihombing, A. L., & Cendrawati, D. G. (2021). Potential And Characteristics Of Eichhornia Crassipes Biomass And Municipal Solid Waste As Raw Materials For RDF In Co-Firing Coal Power Plants. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 926(1), 12009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012009
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  70. Rajmohan, K. V. S., Ramya, C., Raja Viswanathan, M., & Varjani, S. (2019). Plastic pollutants: effective waste management for pollution control and abatement. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 12, 72–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2019.08.006
  71. Rati, Y., Fadjar, G., Sri, K. P., Perdana, P. N., & Musytaqim, N. (2020). Oil Sludge and Biomass Waste Utilization as Densified Refuse-Derived Fuels for Alternative Fuels: Case Study of an Indonesia Cement Plant. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 24(4), 5020001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000511
  72. Saputro, H., Fadlullah, V., Bugis, H., Muslim, R., & Munir, F. A. (2021). Optimization of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) of solid waste in palm starch home industry through the variations of binder materials. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1808(1), 12021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1808/1/012021
  73. Sarwono, A., Septiariva, I. Y., Qonitan, F. D., Zahra, N. L., Sari, N. K., Fauziah, E. N., Ummatin, K. K., Amoa, Q., Faria, N., Wei, L. J., & Suryawan, I. W. K. (2021). Municipal Solid Waste Treatment for Energy Recovery Through Thermal Waste-To-Energy in Depok City, Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 85
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