DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.22.1.132-141

The Potential of Commercial Biomass-Based Activated Carbon to Remove Heavy Metals in Wastewater – A Review

1Master Program of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Sudarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia 50275, Indonesia

2Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Sudarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia 50275, Indonesia

Received: 4 Jul 2023; Revised: 14 Aug 2023; Accepted: 21 Sep 2023; Available online: 17 Nov 2023; Published: 10 Dec 2023.
Editor(s): Budi Warsito

Citation Format:
Abstract

Commercial activated carbon is a type of adsorbent commonly used in adsorption processes. However, the use of commercial carbon in wastewater treatment is still limited, due to the scarce availability of precursors and their high cost. Biomass as an activated carbon precursor has been reported to have high efficiency in removing various heavy metals in wastewater. This study aims to review the potential of biomass-based activated carbon to adsorb heavy metals in terms of biomass constituent components, heavy metal removal, and future prospects.  The method in this study is a systematic literature review, or SLR, to collect data from online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The results show that biomass-based activated carbon is effective in the removal of heavy metals in various types of wastewater. The removal effectiveness for different types of biomass ranged from 84–99% for Pb2+ ions, 55–92% for Cd2+ ions, 84–99% for Pb2+ ions, 96% for As2+ ions, 80–100% for Cr2+ ions, 25–97% for Fe2+ ions, 50–99% for Ni2+ ions, and 62–98% for Cu2+ ions, and 98% for Ti ions. These results show that heavy metals have different affinities to activated carbon from biomass, from all heavy metals, Fe2+ and Cd2+ ions have the lowest affinity, so the activated carbon used to remove Fe2+ and Cd2+ metals needs to be produced with higher porosity and surface area. The removal of heavy metals using activated carbon from biomass is limited by adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH, temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, particle size, and stirring speed. In future research, it is expected that activated carbon from biomass has a high adsorption capacity, is economical cost, is environmentally friendly and can be used on a larger scale.

Note: This article has supplementary file(s).

Fulltext View|Download |  plagiarisme check
Untitled
Subject
Type plagiarisme check
  Download (2MB)    Indexing metadata
Keywords: Activated carbon; Biomass; Heavy metals; Lignocellulose; Wastewater treatment

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Analisis Faktor Spasial Terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue Menggunakan Pendekatan Geographically Weighted Regression di Kota Pekanbaru, Provinsi Riau Peran Stakeholder dalam Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis Rencana Detail Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Manokwari Jaringan Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga sebagai Bentuk Transisi Ekonomi Sirkular di Kota Surabaya More recent articles
Most cited articles
Studi Pendahuluan Cemaran Air Limbah Rumah Potong Hewan di Kota Mataram KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN DI KAWASAN KENDENG UTARA PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH Kajian Kualitas Air Laut dan Indeks Pencemaran Berdasarkan Parameter Fisika-Kimia di Perairan Distrik Depapre, Jayapura PERBAIKAN KUALITAS AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK DENGAN FITOREMEDIASI MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI BEBERAPA GULMA AIR: STUDI KASUS KOLAM RETENSI TALANG AMAN KOTA PALEMBANG Daya Dukung Jalur Pendakian Bukit Raya Di Taman Nasional Bukit Baka Raya Kalimantan Barat More cited articles
  1. Ajmi, R. A., Sultan, M., & Hanno, S. H. (2018). Bioabsorbent of Chromium, Cadmium and Lead from Industrial waste water by Waste plant. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(3), 672–674
  2. Alghamdi, A. A., Al-Odayni, A. B., Saeed, W. S., Al-Kahtani, A., Alharthi, F. A., & Aouak, T. (2019). Efficient adsorption of lead (II) from aqueous phase solutions using polypyrrole-based activated carbon. Materials, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122020
  3. Al-Ghouti, M. A., Al Disi, Z. A., Al-Kaabi, N., & Khraisheh, M. (2017). Mechanistic insights into the remediation of bromide ions from desalinated water using roasted date pits. Chemical Engineering Journal, 308, 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.091
  4. Ali, A., Saeed, K., & Mabood, F. (2016). Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous medium using chemically modified banana peels as efficient low-cost adsorbent. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(3), 2933–2942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.011
  5. Ali, I., Asim, M., & Khan, T. A. (2012). Low-cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. In Journal of Environmental Management (Vol. 113, pp. 170–183). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.028
  6. Alkherraz, A. M., Ali, A. K., & Elsherif, K. M. (2020). Removal of Pb(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto olive branches activated carbon: Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Chemistry International, 6(1), 11–20
  7. Al-Senani, G. M., & Al-Fawzan, F. F. (2018). Adsorption study of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by nanoparticle of wild herbs. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(3), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2018.07.006
  8. Arni, S. Al. (2018). Extraction and isolation methods for lignin separation from sugarcane bagasse: A review. In Industrial Crops and Products (Vol. 115, pp. 330–339). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.012
  9. Asasian Kolur, N., Sharifian, S., & Kaghazchi, T. (2019). Investigation of sulfuric acid-treated activated carbon properties. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 43(2), 663–675. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-1810-63
  10. Azmi, N. B., Bashir, M. J. K., Sethupathi, S., & Ng, C.-A. (2014). Recent Development in Landfill Leachate Treatment Using Low-Cost Adsorbent Prepared From Waste Material. In H. A. Aziz & A. Mojiri (Eds.), Wastewater Engineering: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems (pp. 6–14). IJSR Publications. http://www.ijsrpub.com/books
  11. Bakar, N. A., Othman, N., Yunus, Z. M., Altowayti, W. A. H., Tahir, M., Fitriani, N., & Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A. (2021). An insight review of lignocellulosic materials as activated carbon precursor for textile wastewater treatment. In Environmental Technology and Innovation (Vol. 22). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101445
  12. Bohli, T., Fiol, N., Villaescusa, I., & Ouederni, A. (2013). Adsorption on Activated Carbon from Olive Stones: Kinetics and Equilibrium of Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, 04(06), 1–5
  13. Bohli, T., Ouederni, A., Fiol, N., & Villaescusa, I. (2015). Evaluation of an activated carbon from olive stones used as an adsorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous phases. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 18(1), 88–99
  14. Bu, Q., Lei, H., Wang, L., Yadavalli, G., Wei, Y., Zhang, X., Zhu, L., & Liu, Y. (2015). Biofuel production from catalytic microwave pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellets over ferrum-modified activated carbon catalyst. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 112, 74–79
  15. Burakov, A. E., Galunin, E. V., Burakova, I. V., Kucherova, A. E., Agarwal, S., Tkachev, A. G., & Gupta, V. K. (2018). Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional and nanostructured materials for wastewater treatment purposes: A review. In Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Vol. 148, pp. 702–712). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.034
  16. Carmona, V. B., Oliveira, R. M., Silva, W. T. L., Mattoso, L. H. C., & Marconcini, J. M. (2013). Nanosilica from rice husk: Extraction and characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 43(1), 291–296
  17. Dutta, S., Bhaumik, A., & Wu, K. C. W. (2014). Hierarchically porous carbon derived from polymers and biomass: Effect of interconnected pores on energy applications. In Energy and Environmental Science (Vol. 7, Issue 11, pp. 3574–3592). Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee01075b
  18. Elavarasan, R. M. (2018). The Motivation for Renewable Energy and its Comparison with Other Energy Sources: A Review. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr/4005
  19. Escudero-Oñate, C., Fiol, N., Poch, J., & Villaescusa, I. (2017). Valorisation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Streams: A. Review. In J. S. Tumuluru (Ed.), Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy (1st ed., pp. 381–407). InTech
  20. Fakayode, O. A., Akpabli-Tsigbe, N. D. K., Wahia, H., Tu, S., Ren, M., Zhou, C., & Ma, H. (2021). Integrated bioprocess for bio-ethanol production from watermelon rind biomass: Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Renewable Energy, 180, 258–270
  21. Gunawan, S., Hasan, H., & Lubis, R. D. W. (2020). Pemanfaatan Adsorben dari Tongkol Jagung sebagai Karbon Aktif untuk Mengurangi Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Bermotor. Jurnal Rekayasa Material, Manufaktur Dan Energi, 3(1), 38–47
  22. Gupta, H., & Gogate, P. R. (2016). Intensified removal of copper from waste water using activated watermelon based biosorbent in the presence of ultrasound. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 30, 113–122
  23. Holliday, M. C., Parsons, D. R., & Zein, S. H. (2022). Agricultural Pea Waste as a Low-Cost Pollutant Biosorbent for Methylene Blue Removal: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherm And Thermodynamic Studies. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02865-8
  24. Jiang, C., Yakaboylu, G. A., Yumak, T., Zondlo, J. W., Sabolsky, E. M., & Wang, J. (2020). Activated carbons prepared by indirect and direct CO2 activation of lignocellulosic biomass for supercapacitor electrodes. Renewable Energy, 155, 38–52
  25. Karaboyaci, M., Tama, B., Şencan, A., & Kiliç, M. (2017). Recycling of Rose Wastes to Activated Carbon with Ecological Precursor. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 1(1), 1–8
  26. Kayranli, B., Gok, O., Gok, G., Celebi, H., Yilmaz, T., Seckin, I. Y., & Kalat, D. (2021). Zinc removal mechanisms with recycled lignocellulose: from fruit residual to biosorbent then soil conditioner. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 232(311), 1–15
  27. Khatoon, H., & Rai, P. N. (2016). Agricultural Waste Materials As Biosorbents For The Removal Of Heavy Metals And Synthetic Dyes-A Review. Octa Journal of Environmental Research, 4(3), 208–229. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327051571
  28. Komkiene, J., & Baltrenaite, E. (2016). Biochar as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions [Cadmium(II), Copper(II), Lead(II), Zinc(II)] from aqueous phase. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Volume, 13, 471–482
  29. Kumar, A., & Jena, H. M. (2017). Adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by prepared high surface area activated carbon from Fox nutshell by chemical activation with H3PO4. In Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 2032–2041). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.03.035
  30. Lakshmana Naik, R., Rupas Kumar, M., & Bala Narsaiah, T. (2023). Removal of heavy metals (Cu & Ni) from wastewater using rice husk and orange peel as adsorbents. Materials Today: Proceedings, 72, 92–98
  31. Li, H., Xiong, J., Xiao, T., Long, J., Wang, Q., Li, K., Liu, X., Zhang, G., & Zhang, H. (2019). Biochar derived from watermelon rinds as regenerable adsorbent for efficient removal of thallium(I) from wastewater. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 127, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.04.031
  32. Li, T., & Takkellapati, S. (2018). The current and emerging sources of technical lignins and their applications. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 12(5), 756–787
  33. Long, H., Li, X., Wang, H., & Jia, J. (2013). Biomass resources and their bioenergy potential estimation: A review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 26, pp. 344–352). Elsevier Ltd
  34. Lu, X., Jiang, J., Sun, K., & Xie, X. (2014). Preparation and characterization of sisal fiber-based activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 35(1), 103–110
  35. Malik, R., Lata, S., & Singhal, S. (2015). Removal of heavy metal from wastewater by the use of modified aloe vera leaf powder. International Journal of Basic and Applied Chemical Sciences, 5(2), 6–17. http://www.cibtech.org/jcs.htm
  36. Ma’Ruf, A., Pramudono, B., & Aryanti, N. (2017). Lignin isolation process from rice husk by alkaline hydrogen peroxide: Lignin and silica extracted. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1823. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4978086
  37. Mittal, J., Ahmad, R., Mariyam, A., Gupta, V. K., & Mittal, A. (2021). Expeditious and enhanced sequestration of heavy metal ions from aqueous environment by papaya peel carbon: A green and low-cost adsorbent. Desalination and Water Treatment, 210, 365–376
  38. Mohamed, H. S., Soliman, N. K., Abdelrheem, D. A., Ramadan, A. A., Elghandour, A. H., Ahmed, S. A., & Adsorption, S. A. A. (2019). Adsorption of Cd 2D and Cr 3D ions from aqueous solutions by using residue of Padina gymnospora waste as promising low-cost adsorbent. Heliyon, 5, 1287
  39. Mustapha, S., Ndamitso, M. M., Abdulkareem, A. S., Tijani, J. O., Mohammed, A. K., & Shuaib, D. T. (2019). Potential of using kaolin as a natural adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from tannery wastewater. Heliyon, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02923
  40. Muthusamy, P., & Murugan, S. (2016). Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a Bioadsorbent. In Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com (Vol. 6)
  41. Obregón-Valencia, D., & Sun-Kou, M. D. R. (2014). Comparative cadmium adsorption study on activated carbon prepared from aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa) and olive fruit stones (Olea europaea L.). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2(4), 2280–2288
  42. Osman, A. I., Blewitt, J., Abu-Dahrieh, J. K., Farrell, C., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., Harrison, J., & Rooney, D. W. (2019). Production and characterisation of activated carbon and carbon nanotubes from potato peel waste and their application in heavy metal removal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(36), 37228–37241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06594-w
  43. Özsin, G., Kılıç, M., Apaydın-Varol, E., & Pütün, A. E. (2019). Chemically activated carbon production from agricultural waste of chickpea and its application for heavy metal adsorption: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Applied Water Science, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0942-8
  44. Pallarés, J., González-Cencerrado, A., & Arauzo, I. (2018). Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass and Bioenergy, 115, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.015
  45. Peláez-Cid, A. A., Romero-Hernández, V., Herrera-González, A. M., Bautista-Hernández, A., & Coreño-Alonso, O. (2020). Synthesis of activated carbons from black sapote seeds, characterization and application in the elimination of heavy metals and textile dyes. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(2), 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.021
  46. Pournima, R. P., & Shrikant, M. B. (2018). Experimental dose optimization for Cu removal from water using neem leaves. Int J Curr Eng Technol, 8(5), 1329–1332
  47. Rápó, E., & Tonk, S. (2021). Factors affecting synthetic dye adsorption; desorption studies: A review of results from the last five years (2017–2021). In Molecules (Vol. 26, Issue 17). MDPI
  48. Razi, M. A. M., Al-Gheethi, A., & Za, A. (2018). Removal of Heavy Metals from Textile Wastewater Using Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 112–115
  49. Saleem, J., Shahid, B. U., Hijab, M., Mackey, H., & McKay, G. (2019). Production and applications of activated carbons as adsorbents from olive stones. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 775–802
  50. Salih, A. M., Williams, C., & Khanaqa, P. (2021). Kinetic Studies of Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Wastewater by Using Natural Zeolite. UKH Journal of Science and Engineering, 5
  51. Shafiq, M., Alazba, A. A., & Amin, M. T. (2018). Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using date palm as a biosorbent: A comparative review. In Sains Malaysiana. 47 (1): 35–49
  52. Soliman, N. K., & Moustafa, A. F. (2020). Industrial solid waste for heavy metals adsorption features and challenges; a review. Journal of Materials Research and TechnologY, 9(5), 10235–10253
  53. Šoštarić, T. D., Petrović, M. S., Pastor, F. T., Lončarević, D. R., Petrović, J. T., Milojković, J. V., & Stojanović, M. D. (2018). Study of heavy metals biosorption on native and alkali-treated apricot shells and its application in wastewater treatment. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 259, 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.055
  54. Thotagamuge, R., Kooh, M. R. R., Mahadi, A. H., Lim, C. M., Abu, M., Jan, A., Hanipah, A. H. A., Khiong, Y. Y., & Shofry, A. (2021). Copper modified activated bamboo charcoal to enhance adsorption of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100562
  55. Vukelic, D., Boskovic, N., Agarski, B., Radonic, J., Budak, I., Pap, S., & Turk Sekulic, M. (2018). Eco-design of a low-cost adsorbent produced from waste cherry kernels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 174, 1620–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.098
  56. Vunain, E., Njewa, J. B., Biswick, T. T., & Ipadeola, A. K. (2021). Adsorption of chromium ions from tannery effluents onto activated carbon prepared from rice husk and potato peel by H3PO4 activation. Applied Water Science, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01477-3
  57. Xiao Y, Watson M. (2019). Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 39, 93–112
  58. Yahya, M. A., Al-Qodah, Z., & Ngah, C. W. Z. (2015). Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 46, pp. 218–235). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051
  59. Yeow, P. K., Wong, S. W., & Hadibarata, T. (2021). Removal of azo and anthraquinone dye by plant biomass as adsorbent – a review. In Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry (Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 8218–8232). AMG Transcend Association
  60. Zhou, Q., Yang, N., Li, Y., Ren, B., Ding, X., Bian, H., & Yao, X. (2020). Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22
  61. Zhu, S., Sun, H., Mu, T., Li, Q., & Richel, A. (2023). Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from purple sweet potato peels by ultrasound-assisted maleic acid hydrolysis. Food Chemistry, 403

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-05 00:46:55

No citation recorded.