Neurotransmitter Dalam Fisiologi Saraf Otonom

*Iwan Dwi Cahyono -  Bagian Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro/ RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, Indonesia
Himawan Sasongko -  Bagian Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro/ RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, Indonesia
Aria Dian Primatika -  Bagian Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro/ RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, Indonesia
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Section: Tinjauan Pustaka
Language: ID
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In Vol 1, No 1 (2009): Jurnal Anestesiologi Indonesia
Statistics: 19660 2530
Abstract
Sistem saraf otonom terdiri dari dua subsistem yaitu sistem saraf simpatis dan sistem saraf parasimpatis yang kerjanya saling berlawanan. Memahami anatomi dan fisiologi sistem saraf otonom berguna memperkirakan efek farmakologi obat-obatan baik pada sistem saraf simpatis maupun parasimpatis.

Sistem saraf simpatis dimulai dari medula spinalis segmen torakolumbal. Saraf dari sistem saraf parasimpatis meninggalkan sistem saraf pusat melalui saraf-saraf kranial III, VII, IX dan X serta saraf sakral spinal kedua dan ketiga; kadangkala saraf sakral pertama dan keempat. Kira-kira 75% dari seluruh serabut saraf parasimpatis didominasi oleh nervus vagus (saraf kranial X). Sistem saraf simpatis dan parasimpatis selalu aktif dan aktivitas basalnya diatur oleh tonus simpatis atau tonus parasimpatis. Nilai tonus ini yang menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan aktivitas pada organ yang dipersarafinya baik peningkatan maupun penurunan aktivitas.

Refleks otonom adalah refleks yang mengatur organ viseral meliputi refleks otonom kardiovaskular, refleks otonom gastrointestinal, refleks seksual, refleks otonom lainnya meliputi refleks yang membantu pengaturan sekresi kelenjar pankreas, pengosongan kandung empedu, ekskresi urin pada ginjal, berkeringat, konsentrasi glukosa darah dan sebagian besar fungsi viseral lainnya.

Sistem parasimpatis biasanya menyebabkan respon setempat yang spesifik, berbeda dengan respon yang umum dari sistem simpatis terhadap pelepasan impuls secara masal, maka fungsi pengaturan sistem parasimpatis sepertinya jauh lebih spesifik.

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