Neurotransmitter Dalam Fisiologi Saraf Otonom

Sistem saraf simpatis dimulai dari medula spinalis segmen torakolumbal. Saraf dari sistem saraf parasimpatis meninggalkan sistem saraf pusat melalui saraf-saraf kranial III, VII, IX dan X serta saraf sakral spinal kedua dan ketiga; kadangkala saraf sakral pertama dan keempat. Kira-kira 75% dari seluruh serabut saraf parasimpatis didominasi oleh nervus vagus (saraf kranial X). Sistem saraf simpatis dan parasimpatis selalu aktif dan aktivitas basalnya diatur oleh tonus simpatis atau tonus parasimpatis. Nilai tonus ini yang menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan aktivitas pada organ yang dipersarafinya baik peningkatan maupun penurunan aktivitas.
Refleks otonom adalah refleks yang mengatur organ viseral meliputi refleks otonom kardiovaskular, refleks otonom gastrointestinal, refleks seksual, refleks otonom lainnya meliputi refleks yang membantu pengaturan sekresi kelenjar pankreas, pengosongan kandung empedu, ekskresi urin pada ginjal, berkeringat, konsentrasi glukosa darah dan sebagian besar fungsi viseral lainnya.
Sistem parasimpatis biasanya menyebabkan respon setempat yang spesifik, berbeda dengan respon yang umum dari sistem simpatis terhadap pelepasan impuls secara masal, maka fungsi pengaturan sistem parasimpatis sepertinya jauh lebih spesifik.
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