DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.25.8.270-279

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Feun Kase (Thevetia peruviana) Seed Oil Using NaOH Catalyst

1Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Timor, Kefamenanu, Timor Tengah Utara, Indonesia

2Oeuban Village Office, South Timor Tengah Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Received: 29 Oct 2021; Revised: 29 Apr 2022; Accepted: 24 May 2022; Published: 30 Sep 2022.
Open Access Copyright 2022 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract
The demand for biodiesel in the renewable energy sector continues to grow yearly. However, the majority of biodiesel sources currently still compete with the food sector. Feun Kase seeds contain high oil and do not compete with food, so they have prospects as a new source of biodiesel. This study aimed to find the optimal conditions for synthesizing biodiesel from Feun Kase seed oil, carried out through transesterification with four reaction variables: catalyst variation, time, temperature, and the molar ratio of oil/methanol. This study was equipped with parameter test data according to SNI (Indonesian National Standard) 7182:2015, also equipped with characterization using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy). The highest biodiesel yield of 84.09% was obtained using optimum conditions of 1% NaOH catalyst, oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:6 at 70°C for 90 minutes of reaction. The test results of biodiesel parameters are density (851 kg/m3), smoke point (6°C), kinematic viscosity (5.35 cSt); acid number (1.08 mg KOH/gr), saponification number (159.32 mg KOH/gr), iodine number (78.62 g I2/100 g sample), flash point (165°C), and cetane number (62.86). FTIR analysis proved the presence of methyl esters with typical absorption at 1743 cm-1, 1195.87 cm-1, and 1436.97 cm-1. GCMS characterization showed that Feun Kase biodiesel was dominated by methyl oleate (53.45%), methyl palmitate (27.05%), methyl stearate (10.96%), and methyl linoleate (6.29%).
Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Biodiesel; Feun Kase; FTIR; GCMS; methyl oleate; transesterification
Funding: University of Timor

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Studi Filogeni dan Uji Potensi Antibakteri serta Enzim Ekstraseluler Isolat Geobacillus sp. dari Sumber Air Panas Gedongsongo Pengaruh Waktu pada Pembentukan Kalsium Fosfat dengan Sistem Membran Selulosa Bakterial Studi Pendahuluan tentang Enkapsulasi Vitamin C dalam Liposom Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) Activity of Actinomycetes Isolated from Mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap toward Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Studi Filogeni dan Uji Potensi Bioremediasi serta Enzim Termostabil Ekstraseluler Isolat Geobacillus sp. dari Sumber Air Panas Gedong Songo More cited articles
  1. N. D. Avarskii, V. V. Taran, K. N. Gasanova, A. N. Osipov, E. A. Silko, V. R. Gumerov, World biodiesel market and optimal scenarios for biodiesel production and use in Russia, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8, 12, (2019), 4026-4038 http://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L3625.1081219
  2. Ren21, Renewables 2021 Global Status Report, REN21 Secretariat, Paris, 2021
  3. Andika Pambudi, Eka Puspitawati, Nursechafia Nursechafia, The determinants of biodiesel export in Indonesia, Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 8, 2, (2019), 207-216 https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v8i2.10961
  4. Dong-Shik Kim, Mohammadmatin Hanifzadeh, Ashok Kumar, Trend of biodiesel feedstock and its impact on biodiesel emission characteristics, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 37, 1, (2018), 7-19 https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12800
  5. Ayhan Demirbas, Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels, Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 1, (2009), 14-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.001
  6. Digambar Singh, Dilip Sharma, S. L. Soni, Sumit Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar Sharma, Amit Jhalani, A review on feedstocks, production processes, and yield for different generations of biodiesel, Fuel, 262, 116553, (2020), 1-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116553
  7. Amela Ajanovic, Biofuels versus food production: does biofuels production increase food prices?, Energy, 36, 4, (2011), 2070-2076 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.019
  8. Simla Tokgoz, Wei Zhang, Siwa Msangi, Prapti Bhandary, Biofuels and the future of food: competition and complementarities, Agriculture, 2, 4, (2012), 414-435 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture2040414
  9. S. A. Ibiyemi, V. O. Fadipe, O. O. Akinremi, S. S. Bako, Variation in oil composition of Thevetia peruviana Juss’ yellow oleander’ fruit seeds, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 6, 2, (2002), 61-65 https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v6i2.17178
  10. K. Singh, K. K. Agrawal, V. Mishra, S. M. Uddin, A. Shukla, A review on: Thevetia peruviana, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3, 4, (2012), 74-77
  11. Dibakar Chandra Deka, Sanjay Basumatary, High quality biodiesel from yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seed oil, Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 5, (2011), 1797-1803 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.007
  12. Khairul Azly Zahan, Manabu Kano, Biodiesel production from palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent: A review, Energies, 11, 8, (2018), https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082132
  13. Mohd Nurfirdaus Bin Mohiddin, Yie Hua Tan, Yee Xuan Seow, Jibrail Kansedo, N. M. Mubarak, Mohammad Omar Abdullah, Yen San Chan, Mohammad Khalid, Evaluation on feedstock, technologies, catalyst and reactor for sustainable biodiesel production: A review, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 98, (2021), 60-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.036
  14. I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, H. C. Ong, T. M. I. Mahlia, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman, Arslan Ahmad, State of the art of catalysts for biodiesel production, Frontiers in Energy Research, 8, 101, (2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00101
  15. Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran, Ramachandran Praniesh, Periyasamy Navamani, Raghavan Swathi, Govindasamy Sharmila, Narasimhan Manoj Kumar, Process optimization and kinetic modeling of biodiesel production using non-edible Madhuca indica oil, Fuel, 195, (2017), 217-225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.060
  16. P. K. Srivastava, Madhumita Verma, Methyl ester of karanja oil as an alternative renewable source energy, Fuel, 87, 8-9, (2008), 1673-1677 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.08.018
  17. Vlada B. Veljković, Ana V. Veličković, Jelena M. Avramović, Olivera S. Stamenković, Modeling of biodiesel production: Performance comparison of Box–Behnken, face central composite and full factorial design, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27, 7, (2019), 1690-1698 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.08.002
  18. Idris Atadashi Musa, The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25, 1, (2016), 21-31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.06.007
  19. Jefry Presson, Yohana Ivana Kedang, Suwari Suwari, The Physicochemical Profile of Feun Kase (Thevetia Peruviana) Oil As A New Feedstock For Renewable Energy, Savana Cendana, 6, 01, (2021), 11-15 https://doi.org/10.32938/sc.v6i01.1238
  20. R. E. E. Ana Godson, G. Udofia Bassey, Characterization of oil and biodiesel produced from Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) seeds, International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 4, 4, (2015), 150-158
  21. José Luis Guil-Laynez, José Luis Guil-Guerrero, Álvaro Guil-Laynez, Bioprospecting for seed oils in tropical areas for biodiesel production, Industrial Crops and Products, 128, (2019), 504-511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.044
  22. Puneet Verma, M. P. Sharma, Review of process parameters for biodiesel production from different feedstocks, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, (2016), 1063-1071 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.054
  23. Jesús Andrés Tavizón-Pozos, Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel, Víctor Alejandro Suárez-Toriello, Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas, Oscar Abel Luévano-Rivas, Omar Uriel Valdés-Martínez, Alfonso Talavera-López, Jose Antonio Rodriguez, State of art of alkaline earth metal oxides catalysts used in the transesterification of oils for biodiesel production, Energies, 14, 4, (2021), https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041031
  24. A. Suryanto, Suprapto Suprapto, Mahfud Mahfud, Production of Biodiesel from Coconut Oil Using Microwave: Effect of Some Parameters on Transesterification Reaction by NaOH Catalyst, Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 10, 2, (2015), 162-168 https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.10.2.8080.162-168
  25. N. Hoda, Optimization of biodiesel production from cottonseed oil by transesterification using NaOH and methanol, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 32, 5, (2010), 434-441 https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030802612168
  26. Ming-Chien Hsiao, Peir-Horng Liao, Nguyen Vu Lan, Shuhn-Shyurng Hou, Enhancement of biodiesel production from high-acid-value waste cooking oil via a microwave reactor using a homogeneous alkaline catalyst, Energies, 14, 2, (2021), 1-11 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020437
  27. J. K. Efavi, D. Dodoo-Arhin, Dindomah Kanbogtah, V. Apalangya, E. Nyankson, E. K. Tiburu, B. Onwona-Agyeman, A. Yaya, The effect of NaOH catalyst concentration and extraction time on the yield and properties of Citrullus vulgaris seed oil as a potential biodiesel feed stock, South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25, 1, (2018), 98-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2018.03.002
  28. S. B. Dhoot, D. R. Jaju, S. A. Deshmukh, B. M. Panchal, M. R. Sharma, Extraction of Thevetia peruviana seed oil and optimization of biodiesel production using Alkalicatalyzed methanolysis, Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies, 2, 2, (2011), 8-16
  29. Andrew C. Eloka-Eboka, Ogbene Gillian Igbum, Freddie L. Inambao, Optimization and effects of process variables on the production and properties of methyl ester biodiesel, Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 25, 2, (2014), 39-47
  30. Achanai Buasri, Nattawut Chaiyut, Vorrada Loryuenyong, Phatsakon Worawanitchaphong, Sarinthip Trongyong, Calcium oxide derived from waste shells of mussel, cockle, and scallop as the heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production, The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 460923, (2013), 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/460923
  31. Jin-Suk Lee, Shiro Saka, Biodiesel production by heterogeneous catalysts and supercritical technologies, Bioresource Technology, 101, 19, (2010), 7191-7200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.071
  32. Dennis Y. C. Leung, Xuan Wu, M. K. H. Leung, A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification, Applied Energy, 87, 4, (2010), 1083-1095 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.006
  33. Fabiano Barbieri Gonzaga, Sidney Pereira Sobral, A new method for determining the acid number of biodiesel based on coulometric titration, Talanta, 97, (2012), 199-203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.017
  34. Zi-Zhe Cai, Yong Wang, Ying-Lai Teng, Ka-Man Chong, Jia-Wei Wang, Jie-Wen Zhang, De-Po Yang, A two-step biodiesel production process from waste cooking oil via recycling crude glycerol esterification catalyzed by alkali catalyst, Fuel Processing Technology, 137, (2015), 186-193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.04.017
  35. M. S. M. Zaharin, N. R. Abdullah, G. Najafi, H. Sharudin, T. Yusaf, Effects of physicochemical properties of biodiesel fuel blends with alcohol on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions: A review, Renewable and Sustainable energy reviews, 79, (2017), 475-493 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.035
  36. Balaji M. Panchal, Sanjay A. Deshmukh, Munish R. Sharma, Biodiesel from Thevetia peruviana seed oil with dimethyl carbonate using as an active catalyst potassium-methoxide, Sains Malaysiana, 45, 10, (2016), 1461-1468
  37. Tikendra Nath Verma, Pankaj Shrivastava, Upendra Rajak, Gaurav Dwivedi, Siddharth Jain, Ali Zare, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Puneet Verma, A comprehensive review of the influence of physicochemical properties of biodiesel on combustion characteristics, engine performance and emissions, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 8, 4, (2021), 510-533 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2021.04.006
  38. Ertan Alptekin, Mustafa Canakci, Characterization of the key fuel properties of methyl ester–diesel fuel blends, Fuel, 88, 1, (2009), 75-80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.05.023
  39. Chindo Istifanus Yarkasuwa, Danbature Wilson, Emmanuel Michael, Production of biodiesel from Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruvian) Oil and its Biodegradability, Journal of the Korean Chemical Society, 57, 3, (2013), 377-381 https://doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2013.57.3.377
  40. Jorge Henrique Faber Boog, Eva Lúcia Cardoso Silveira, Lilia Basilio De Caland, Matthieu Tubino, Determining the residual alcohol in biodiesel through its flash point, Fuel, 90, 2, (2011), 905-907 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.10.020
  41. James Pullen, Khizer Saeed, An overview of biodiesel oxidation stability, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 8, (2012), 5924-5950 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.06.024
  42. M. U. Kaisan, F. O. Anafi, J. Nuszkowski, D. M. Kulla, S. Umaru, Exhaust emissions of biodiesel binary and multi-blends from Cotton, Jatropha and Neem oil from stationary multi cylinder CI engine, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 53, (2017), 403-414 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.040
  43. Paramvir Singh, S. R. Chauhan, Varun Goel, Assessment of diesel engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics fuelled with dual fuel blends, Renewable Energy, 125, (2018), 501-510 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.105
  44. Gerhard Knothe, Andrew C. Matheaus, Thomas W. Ryan III, Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty esters determined in an ignition quality tester☆, Fuel, 82, 8, (2003), 971-975 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00382-4
  45. Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Rosi Oktiani, Risti Ragadhita, How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material, Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4, 1, (2019), 97-118 https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
  46. Alicia Torres, Beatriz Fuentes, Karina E. Rodríguez, Andrea Brito, Laura Díaz, Analysis of the Content of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Method and Comparison with Gas Chromatography, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 97, 6, (2020), 651-661 https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12350
  47. Sabrina N. Rabelo, Vany P. Ferraz, Leandro S. Oliveira, Adriana S. Franca, FTIR analysis for quantification of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel produced by microwave-assisted transesterification, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 6, 12, (2015), https://www.doi.org/10.7763/IJESD.2015.V6.730
  48. Morgana Rosset, Oscar W. Perez-Lopez, FTIR spectroscopy analysis for monitoring biodiesel production by heterogeneous catalyst, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 105, 102990, (2019), 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2019.102990
  49. Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz, Ahmad Adnan, Farooq Anwar, Hamid Mukhtar, Muhammad Asam Raza, Farooq Ahmad, Umer Rashid, Response surface methodology: An emphatic tool for optimized biodiesel production using rice bran and sunflower oils, Energies, 5, 9, (2012), 3307-3328 https://doi.org/10.3390/en5093307
  50. Naresh N. Mahamuni, Yusuf G. Adewuyi, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method to monitor soy biodiesel and soybean oil in transesterification reactions, petrodiesel− biodiesel blends, and blend adulteration with soy oil, Energy & Fuels, 23, 7, (2009), 3773-3782 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900130m
  51. R. Abd Rabu, I. Janajreh, D. Honnery, Transesterification of waste cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation, Energy Conversion and Management, 65, (2013), 764-769 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.02.031
  52. Kamisah Delilawati Pandiangan, Wasinton Simanjuntak, Transesterification of coconut oil using dimethyl carbonate and TiO2/SiO2 heterogeneous catalyst, Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 13, 1, (2013), 47-52 https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21325
  53. Maimoonah Kh. Qasim, Modified nanostructure MgO superbasicity with CaO in heterogeneous transesterification of sunflower oil, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 62, 3, (2019), 475-485 https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2018.4321.1386
  54. Balaji Panchal, Tao Chang, Shenjun Qin, Yuzhuang Sun, Jinxi Wang, Kai Bian, Optimization of soybean oil transesterification using an ionic liquid and methanol for biodiesel synthesis, Energy Reports, 6, (2020), 20-27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.028
  55. Luis Felipe Ramírez-Verduzco, Javier Esteban Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Alicia del Rayo Jaramillo-Jacob, Predicting cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and higher heating value of biodiesel from its fatty acid methyl ester composition, Fuel, 91, 1, (2012), 102-111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.070

Last update:

  1. Synthesis of magnetite using petai (Parkia speciosa) peel extract with ultrasonic waves as reusable catalysts for biodiesel production from waste frying oil

    Maya Rahmayanti, Annisa Nurul Syakina, Triastuti Sulistyaningsih, Budi Hastuti. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 26 (4), 2023. doi: 10.14710/jksa.26.4.125-132

  2. Production of Biodiesel from Candlenut Seed Oil (Aleurites Moluccana Wild) Using a NaOH/CaO/Ca Catalyst with Microwave Heating

    Elfrida Siregar, Lisnawaty Simatupang, Jhony Hartanta Sembiring, Elfrida Ginting. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 27 (1), 2024. doi: 10.14710/jksa.27.1.21-27

Last update: 2026-09-08 09:07:23

No citation recorded.