DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.25.9.307-315

Fabrication of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNCs) Based Biosorbent From Oil Palm Trunks Through Acid Hydrolysis With Sonication Assisted and Adsorption Kinetic Study

1Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia

2Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik, Gresik 61121, Indonesia

Received: 11 Aug 2022; Revised: 2 Nov 2022; Accepted: 16 Nov 2022; Available online: 23 Dec 2022; Published: 23 Dec 2022.
Open Access Copyright 2022 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

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Abstract
Developing cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs) preparation techniques is a challenge confronted by many researchers. The advantages of property remain the reason for research to be developed. To deal with this issue, it is essential to conduct research related to process optimization, particularly in the hydrolysis process, which is the primary step in forming CNCs. In this study, the effect of sonication-assisted hydrolysis time was investigated. XRD characterization showed that the CNCs formed where the first group with specific peaks indicated. The crystallinity of CNCs decreased with increasing sonication duration, indicating that sonication-assisted hydrolysis was nonselective. The crystallinity of CNCs obtained for 15, 30, and 45 min was 61.6, 55.0, and 48.4 %, respectively. For sonication duration variations of 15, 30, and 45 min, the hydration diameter of CNCs was nearly identical at 42.35 ± 27.10, 42.99 ± 29.46, and 42.63 ± 29.49 nm, respectively. Similarly, the removal of methylene blue can be achieved using CNCs bio-adsorbent. The results of percent removal of methylene blue under sonication treatment of 15, 30, and 45 min of sonication were 73.34; 73.62; 72.86 %, respectively. The adsorption rate of CNCs follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the adsorption values under sonication treatment of 15, 30, and 45 min were 0.075 ± 0.008; 0.166 ± 0.013; 0.078 ± 0.005 g mg-1 min-1, respectively.
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Keywords: Cellulose nanocrystals; hydrolysis; sonication; biosorbent; oil palm trunk
Funding: This research was funded by Universitas Gadjah Mada through a research grant of "Rekognisi Tugas Akhir 2020" (Contract No. 2488/UN1.P.III/DIT-LIT/PT/2020).

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