DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.29.5.354-360

The Characteristic and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) Synthesized using Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruits and Leaves Extract

1Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Received: 17 Feb 2026; Revised: 26 May 2026; Accepted: 28 May 2026; Published: 15 Jun 2026.
Open Access Copyright 2026 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their unique properties, including high chemical stability, excellent sensing ability, and antibacterial activity. Biological synthesis of ZnO-NPs is a promising approach because of its sustainability and the availability of diverse natural reducing agents. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), traditionally used as a medicinal plant for over 2,000 years in Polynesia, contains phenolics and flavonoids that act as natural reducing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different plant parts (fruits and leaves) and solvent polarities (deionized water, ethyl acetate, and hexane) on the reducing ability of the extracts, as measured by ZnO-NP yield and free radical scavenging activity. The characteristics of ZnO-NPs after calcination were also evaluated. Solvent polarity significantly influenced reducing power and antioxidant activity, while no notable differences were observed between fruits and leaves. Fruit extracts prepared with ethyl acetate (semi-polar solvent) produced the highest ZnO-NPs yield (2.88 ± 0.11 mg), the strongest free radical scavenging activity (10.63 ± 0.65% inhibition/mg ZnO-NPs), and nanoparticles averaging 115.9 nm in size. Calcination at 100°C, conducted to eliminate residual moisture and stabilize the particles, resulted in an increase in the mean particle size from 115.9 nm to 313.6 nm. Morinda citrifolia-mediated ZnO-NPs could be utilized as effective bioactive additives in the development of active food packaging systems to prevent oxidative degradation.
Fulltext View|Download Email colleagues
Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles; free radical scavenging activity; characteristic; calcination; synthesis

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Most cited articles
Pengaruh Serbuk Kaca dan Variasi Suhu Pembakaran pada Pembuatan Genteng Lempung Sedimentasi Banjir Kanal Timur Kota Semarang terhadap Kuat Tekan serta Daya Serapnya terhadap Air Sintesis Silika Kristalin Menggunakan Surfaktan Cetiltrimetilamonium Bromida (CTAB) dan Trimetilamonium Klorida (TMACl) sebagai Pencetak Pori New Chemicals and Routes for the Preparation of Gelatin/HA Composites using the Wet Precipitation Method Ekstraksi dan Uji Kestabilan Zat Warna Betasianin dari Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus) serta Aplikasinya sebagai Pewarna Alami Pangan Pengaruh Keasaman Medium dan Imobilisasi Gugus Organik pada Karakter Silika Gel dari Abu Sekam Padi More cited articles
  1. Brajesh Kumar, Kumari Smita, Luis Cumbal, Alexis Debut, Green Approach for Fabrication and Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2014, (2014), 523869 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/523869
  2. Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar, Amr H. Hashem, Nadeem I. Elhussieny, Ebrahim Saied, Green Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Pluchea indica Leaf Extract: Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Activities, Molecules, 28, 12, (2023), 4679 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124679
  3. Sekar Vijayakumar, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, Balasubramanian Malaikozhundan, Malaikkarasu Shobiya, Laurus nobilis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Characterization and biomedical applications, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 84, (2016), 1213-1222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.038
  4. Gaurav Pal, Priya Rai, Anjana Pandey, Chapter 1 - Green synthesis of nanoparticles: A greener approach for a cleaner future, in: A.K. Shukla, S. Iravani (Eds.) Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanoparticles, Elsevier, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102579-6.00001-0
  5. Agnieszka Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, Teofil Jesionowski, Zinc Oxide-Form Synthesis to Application: A Review, Materials, 7, 4, (2014), 2833-2888 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7042833
  6. Dušan Nohavica, Petar Gladkov, ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Applications - New Achievements, 2nd International Conference NANOCON 2010 Proceedings, Czech Republic, 2010
  7. Th. Abhishek Singh, Anirudh Sharma, Neeraj Tejwan, Noyel Ghosh, Joydeep Das, Parames C. Sil, A state of the art review on the synthesis, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and tissue regeneration activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 295, (2021), 102495 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102495
  8. D. Rehana, D. Mahendiran, R. S. Kumar, A. K. Rahiman, In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 40, (2017), 943-957 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-017-1758-2
  9. Duduku Krishnaiah, Rajesh Nithyanandam, Rosalam Sarbatly, Phytochemical Constituents and Activities of Morinda citrifolia L., in: V. Rao (Ed.) Phytochemicals – A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health, IntechOpen, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5772/26094
  10. Asha R. Pai, Kavitha S, Shweta Raj S., Priyanka P., Vrinda A., Vivin T. S., Silpa Sasidharan, Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Fresh Leaf Extract of Morinda citrifolia and Its Anti-Microbial Activity Studies, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 3, (2015), 459-461
  11. Parth Malik, Ravi Shankar, Vibhuti Malik, Nitin Sharma, Tapan Kumar Mukherjee, Green Chemistry-Based Benign Routes for Nanoparticle Synthesis, Journal of Nanoparticles, 2014, (2014), 302429
  12. Mohammad Ramzan Parra, Fozia Z. Haque, Aqueous chemical route synthesis and the effect of calcination temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 3, 4, (2014), 363-369 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2014.07.001
  13. Paini Sri Widyawati, Tarsisius Dwi Wibawa Budianta, Fenny Anggraeni Kusuma, Evelyn Livia Wijaya, Difference of Solvent Polarity to Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pluchea indica Less Leaves Extracts, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6, 4, (2014), 850-855
  14. Vijay D. Tambe, Rajendra S. Bhambar, Estimation of Total Phenol, Tannin, Alkaloid and Flavonoid Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. Wood Extracts, Research and Reviews: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2, 4, (2014), 41-47
  15. J. Yang, R. Paulino, S. Janke-Stedronsky, F. Abawi, Free-Radical-Scavenging Activity and Total Phenols of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Juice and Powder in Processing and Storage, Food Chemistry, 102, 1, (2007), 302-308 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.020
  16. Praveen. K. Ramamoorthy, Awang Bono, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Morinda citrifolia Fruit Extract from Various Extraction Processes, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2, 1, (2007), 70-80
  17. A. Rivera, L. Cedillo, F. Hernández, V. Castillo, A. Sánchez, D. Castañeda, Bioactive Constituents in Ethanolic Extract Leaves and Fruit Juice of Morinda citrifolia, Annals of Biological Research, 3, 2, (2012), 1044-1049
  18. Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Mashitah M. Yusoff, Gaanty Pragas Maniam, Natanamurugaraj Govindan, Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant derivatives and their new avenues in pharmacological applications – An updated report, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 24, 4, (2016), 473-484 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2014.11.013
  19. A. Sirelkhatim, S. Mahmud, A. Seeni, N. H. M. Kaus, L. C. Ann, S. K. Mohd Bakhori, H. Hasan, D. Mohamad, Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism, Nano-Micro Letters, 7, (2015), 219-242 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
  20. Sathia Lingam Valan, Alice Escalante De Cruz, Patricia Jayshree Jacob, Sinouvassane Djearamane, Sustainable Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aquilaria malaccensis (Agarwood) Leaf Extract as Reducing Agent, International Journal of Technology, 13, 5, (2022), 1115-1125 https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i5.5845
  21. Yanti Puspita Sari, Amanda Qory Suchi, Rudy Agung Nugroho, Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Single Garlic Callus Extract (Allium sativum L.), Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 19, 4, (2023), 563-572 https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n4.2944
  22. Freddy Kleitz, Wolfgang Schmidt, Ferdi Schüth, Evolution of mesoporous materials during the calcination process: structural and chemical behavior, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 44-45, (2001), 95-109 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(01)00173-1
  23. P. Ravikumar, S. Sathish Kumar, Antifungal Activity of Extracellularly Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Morinda citrifolia L., International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 2, 4, (2014), 108-111

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-06-19 09:21:45

No citation recorded.