skip to main content

An Overview of the Utilization of PET Plastic Bottle Waste for Membrane Fabrication

*Titik Istirokhatun orcid scopus  -  Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Samuel Ezra Siahaan  -  Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Ralph Rolly Gonzales  -  Scion, New Zealand
Pertiwi Andarani  -  Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Heru Susanto  -  Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
Abdullah Malik Islam Filardli  -  Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Citation Format:
Abstract

Plastic use, in this case including plastic drinking water bottles particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has resulted in significant environmental, social, economic, and health repercussions. It will ultimately be deposited in landfills, requiring up to 1,000 years for each individual bottle to degrade. This review begins by briefly introducing the composition and characteristics of PET. It then details the methods for converting waste PET into valuable materials for diverse applications. The review emphasizes advanced uses of these materials in water treatment, highlighting the development of robust, organic solvent-resistant membranes. The primary aim of this review is to evaluate recent studies of PET bottle recycling to membrane technologies, membrane fabrication from PET waste, applications of PET-based membranes, advantages and challenges of using PET waste for membrane fabrication.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: PET, plastic, waste, bottles, recycling
Funding: Diponegoro through World Class Research University Program (WCRU Grant No. 357-32/UN7.D2/PP/IV/2024).

Article Metrics:

  1. Ahmad, T., Ubaidullah, M., Lone, I.H., Kumar, D., Al-Hartomy, O.A., 2017. Microemulsion synthesis, structural characterization and dielectric properties of Ba1-xPbxZrO3 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) nanoparticles. Mater Res Bull 89, 185–192
  2. Ahmed, J., Ubaidullah, M., Ahmad, T., Alhokbany, N., Alshehri, S.M., 2019. Synthesis of Graphite Oxide/Cobalt Molybdenum Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance in Supercapacitors and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ChemElectroChem 6, 2524–2530
  3. Ali, B.T.I., Widiastuti, N., Kusumawati, Y., Jaafar, J., 2022a. Utilization of drinking water bottle waste as a sustainable and low-cost membrane material in water purification. In: Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 3030–3036
  4. Ali, B.T.I., Widiastuti, N., Kusumawati, Y., Jaafar, J., 2022b. Utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle waste as membrane with several modifications for the removal of chromium ions in wastewater. In: Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 433–437
  5. Al-Salem, S.M., Lettieri, P., Baeyens, J., 2009. Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): A review. Waste Management
  6. Asad, A., Sameoto, D., Sadrzadeh, M., 2019. Overview of membrane technology. In: Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Gas Separation. Elsevier, pp. 1–28
  7. Awaja, F., Pavel, D., 2005. Recycling of PET. Eur Polym J
  8. Awoyera, P.O., Adesina, A., 2020. Plastic wastes to construction products: Status, limitations and future perspective. Case Studies in Construction Materials 12
  9. Bhuyan, C., Konwar, A., Bora, P., Rajguru, P., Hazarika, S., 2023. Cellulose nanofiber-poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposite membrane from waste materials for treatment of petroleum industry wastewater. J Hazard Mater 442
  10. Bian, X., Xia, G., Xin, J.H., Jiang, S., Ma, K., 2024. Applications of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based nanostructured materials: A review. Chemosphere 350
  11. Braun, J.M., Sathyanarayana, S., Hauser, R., 2013. Phthalate exposure and children’s health. Curr Opin Pediatr
  12. Chen, G., Liu, R., Shon, H.K., Wang, Y., Song, J., Li, X.M., He, T., 2017. Open porous hydrophilic supported thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane via co-casting for treatment of high-salinity wastewater. Desalination 405, 76–84
  13. Chen, H., Zuo, Z., Tian, Q., Xue, S., Qiu, F., Peng, X., Zhang, T., 2023. Waste to treasure: A superwetting fiber membrane from waste PET plastic for water-in-oil emulsion separation. J Clean Prod 396
  14. Choi, Y.W., Moon, D.J., Kim, Y.J., Lachemi, M., 2009. Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Constr Build Mater 23, 2829–2835
  15. Crossman, J., Hurley, R.R., Futter, M., Nizzetto, L., 2020. Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment. Science of the Total Environment 724
  16. De Vos, L., Van de Voorde, B., Van Daele, L., Dubruel, P., Van Vlierberghe, S., 2021. Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s: From current developments in synthetic strategies towards applications. Eur Polym J
  17. Dechnik, J., Gascon, J., Doonan, C.J., Janiak, C., Sumby, C.J., 2017. Mixed‐Matrix‐Membranen. Angewandte Chemie 129, 9420–9439
  18. Demirel, B., Yaraș, A., Elçiçek, H., 2011. Crystallization Behavior of PET Materials, BAÜ Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi Cilt
  19. Dilara Hatinoglu, M., Dilek Sanin, F., 2022. Fate and effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics during anaerobic digestion of alkaline-thermal pretreated sludge. Waste Management 153, 376–385
  20. Dutt, K., Soni, R.K., 2013. A review on synthesis of value-added products from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. Polymer Science - Series B
  21. Dyosiba, X., Ren, J., Musyoka, N.M., Langmi, H.W., Mathe, M., Onyango, M.S., 2016. Preparation of value-added metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) using waste PET bottles as source of acid linker. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 10, 10–13
  22. Ebewele, R.O., 2000. Polymer Science and Technology. CRC Press
  23. Eccles, H., 1997. Ion exchange-future challenges/opportunities in environmental clean-up h Eccles British Nuclear Fuels plc Springfields Works Salwick PRESTON Lancashire PR4 O W, Progress in Ion Exchange: Advances and Applications
  24. Efome, J.E., Rana, D., Matsuura, T., Lan, C.Q., 2016. Enhanced performance of PVDF nanocomposite membrane by nanofiber coating: A membrane for sustainable desalination through MD. Water Res 89, 39–49
  25. Ezzat, M.N., Ali, Z.T.A., 2022. Green approach for fabrication of graphene from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste as reactive material for dyes removal from aqueous solution: Batch and continuous study. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 32
  26. Ge, Z., Sun, R., Zhang, K., Gao, Z., Li, P., 2013. Physical and mechanical properties of mortar using waste Polyethylene Terephthalate bottles. Constr Build Mater 44, 81–86
  27. Goh, P.S., Wong, T.W., Lim, J.W., Ismail, A.F., Hilal, N., 2019. Innovative and sustainable membrane technology for wastewater treatment and desalination application. In: Innovation Strategies in Environmental Science. Elsevier, pp. 291–319
  28. Goh, X.Y., Guo, K., Nguyen, L.T., Ong, R.H., Duong, H.M., 2023. Fabrication and properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) aerogel composites from plastic bottle waste. Mater Today Commun 37
  29. Han, M., 2019. Depolymerization of PET Bottle via Methanolysis and Hydrolysis. In: Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles. Elsevier, pp. 85–108
  30. Hołda, A.K., Vankelecom, I.F.J., 2015. Understanding and guiding the phase inversion process for synthesis of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 132
  31. Hong, J.G., Zhang, B., Glabman, S., Uzal, N., Dou, X., Zhang, H., Wei, X., Chen, Y., 2015. Potential ion exchange membranes and system performance in reverse electrodialysis for power generation: A review. J Memb Sci
  32. Hu, Y., Gao, Z., Yang, J., Chen, H., Han, L., 2019. Environmentally benign conversion of waste polyethylene terephthalate to fluorescent carbon dots for “on-off-on” sensing of ferric and pyrophosphate ions. J Colloid Interface Sci 538, 481–488
  33. Huang, B.Q., Tang, Y.J., Gao, A.R., Zeng, Z.X., Xue, S.M., Ji, C.H., Tang, C.Y., Xu, Z.L., 2021. Dually charged polyamide nanofiltration membranes fabricated by microwave-assisted grafting for heavy metals removal. J Memb Sci 640
  34. Hut, N.A., Goh, P.S., Ahmad, N.A., Kang, H.S., Wong, K.C., Syfina, N.A., Ismail, A.F., 2024. Surface decoration of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste bottle-derived ultrafiltration membrane for enhanced lead ion removal and antifouling properties. J Environ Chem Eng 12
  35. Imdad, S., Dohare, R.K., 2023. Preparation of ultrafiltration membrane from discarded polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30, 42728–42737
  36. Iorhemen, O.T., Hamza, R.A., Tay, J.H., 2016. Membrane bioreactor (Mbr) technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation: Membrane fouling. Membranes (Basel)
  37. Istirokhatun, T., Lin, Y., Shen, Q., Guan, K., Wang, S., Matsuyama, H., 2022. Ag-based nanocapsule-regulated interfacial polymerization Enables synchronous nanostructure towardshigh-performance nanofiltration membrane for sustainable water remediation. J Memb Sci 645
  38. Istirokhatun, T., Lin, Y., Wang, S., Shen, Q., Segawa, J., Guan, K., Matsuyama, H., 2021. Novel thin-film composite membrane with ultrathin surface mineralization layer engineered by electrostatic attraction induced In-situ assembling process for high-performance nanofiltration. Chemical Engineering Journal 417
  39. Istirokhatun, T., Rokhati, N., Rachmawaty, R., Meriyani, M., Priyanto, S., Susanto, H., 2015. Cellulose Isolation from Tropical Water Hyacinth for Membrane Preparation. Procedia Environ Sci 23, 274–281
  40. Ji, L.N., 2013. Study on Preparation Process and Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Applied Mechanics and Materials 312, 406–410
  41. Jia, Z., Wang, B., Song, S., Fan, Y., 2014. Blue energy: Current technologies for sustainable power generation from water salinity gradient. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
  42. Jiang, B., Kauffman, A.E., Li, L., McFee, W., Cai, B., Weinstein, J., Lead, J.R., Chatterjee, S., Scott, G.I., Xiao, S., 2020. Health impacts of environmental contamination of micro- And nanoplastics: A review. Environ Health Prev Med
  43. Jiang, M., Wang, X., Xi, W., Yang, P., Zhou, H., Duan, J., Ratova, M., Wu, D., 2024. Chemical catalytic upgrading of polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste into value-added materials, fuels and chemicals. Science of the Total Environment
  44. Jung, K.W., Kim, J.H., Choi, J.W., 2020. Synthesis of magnetic porous carbon composite derived from metal-organic framework using recovered terephthalic acid from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste bottles as organic ligand and its potential as adsorbent for antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride. Compos B Eng 187
  45. Kawai, F., Oda, M., Tamashiro, T., Waku, T., Tanaka, N., Yamamoto, M., Mizushima, H., Miyakawa, T., Tanokura, M., 2014. A novel Ca2+-activated, thermostabilized polyesterase capable of hydrolyzing polyethylene terephthalate from Saccharomonospora viridis AHK190. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98, 10053–10064
  46. Khashij, M., Mokhtari, M., Dalvand, A., Haghiralsadat, F., Fallahzadeh, H., Hossein Salmani, M., 2022. Recycled PET/metal oxides nanocomposite membrane for treatment of real industrial effluents: Membrane fabrication, stability, antifouling behavior, and process modeling and optimization. J Mol Liq 364
  47. Kiani, S., Mousavi, S.M., Bidaki, A., 2021. Preparation of polyethylene terephthalate/xanthan nanofiltration membranes using recycled bottles for removal of diltiazem from aqueous solution. J Clean Prod 314
  48. Korolkov, I. V., Gorin, Y.G., Yeszhanov, A.B., Kozlovskiy, A.L., Zdorovets, M. V., 2018. Preparation of PET track-etched membranes for membrane distillation by photo-induced graft polymerization. Mater Chem Phys 205, 55–63
  49. Kusumocahyo, S.P., Ambani, S.K., Kusumadewi, S., Sutanto, H., Widiputri, D.I., Kartawiria, I.S., 2020. Utilization of used polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for the development of ultrafiltration membrane. J Environ Chem Eng 8
  50. Lee, K.L., Baker, R.W., Lonsdale, H.K., 1981. MEMBRANES FOR POWER GENERATION BY PRESSURE-RETARDED OSMOSIS, Journal of Membrane Science. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company
  51. Li, J., Li, C., Dou, H., Zhang, X., Dai, Y., Xia, F., 2024. PET-hydrogel heterogeneous membranes that eliminate concentration polarization for salinity gradient power generation. J Memb Sci 698
  52. Li, R., Leng, Z., Yang, J., Lu, G., Huang, M., Lan, J., Zhang, H., Bai, Y., Dong, Z., 2021. Innovative application of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) derived additive as an antistripping agent for asphalt mixture: Experimental investigation and molecular dynamics simulation. Fuel 300
  53. Liang, M., Xin, X., Fan, W., Zhang, J., Jiang, H., Yao, Z., 2021. Comparison of rheological properties and compatibility of asphalt modified with various polyethylene. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 22, 11–20
  54. Lim, Y.J., Lee, S.M., Wang, R., Lee, J., 2021. Emerging materials to prepare mixed matrix membranes for pollutant removal in water. Membranes (Basel) 11
  55. Li-Na, J., 2013. Study on preparation process and properties of polyethylene terephthalate (pet). In: Applied Mechanics and Materials. pp. 406–410
  56. Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Davis, S., Ciais, P., 2023. Monitoring global carbon emissions in 2022. Nat Rev Earth Environ
  57. Logan, B.E., Elimelech, M., 2012. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water. Nature
  58. Lycourghiotis, S., 2022. Trends in renewable energy: an overview. Global Nest Journal 24, 505–525
  59. Maponya, ThabisoC., Makgopa, K., Somo, T.R., Tshwane, D.M., Modibane, K.D., 2023. Ethylenediamine functionalized waste polyethylene terephthalate-derived metal-organic framework for adsorption of palladium ions from aqueous solutions. Cleaner Chemical Engineering 6, 100106
  60. Martini, S., 2022. Membrane Technology for Water Pollution Control: A Review of Recent Hybrid Mechanism. Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 17, 83–96
  61. Mintenig, S.M., Löder, M.G.J., Primpke, S., Gerdts, G., 2019. Low numbers of microplastics detected in drinking water from ground water sources. Science of the Total Environment 648, 631–635
  62. Mitra, D., Tai, M.H., Abdullah, E.B., Wang, C.H., Neoh, K.G., 2021. Facile fabrication of porous waste-derived carbon-polyethylene terephthalate composite sorbent for separation of free and emulsified oil from water. Sep Purif Technol 279
  63. Moeinzadeh, R., Jadval Ghadam, A.G., Lau, W.J., Emadzadeh, D., 2019. Synthesis of nanocomposite membrane incorporated with amino-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose for refinery wastewater treatment. Carbohydr Polym 225
  64. Mohan, H.T., Jayanarayanan, K., Mini, K.M., 2021. Recent trends in utilization of plastics waste composites as construction materials. Constr Build Mater
  65. Mondal, M., Dutta, M., De, S., 2017. A novel ultrafiltration grade nickel iron oxide doped hollow fiber mixed matrix membrane: Spinning, characterization and application in heavy metal removal. Sep Purif Technol 188, 155–166
  66. Muringayil Joseph, T., Azat, S., Ahmadi, Z., Moini Jazani, O., Esmaeili, A., Kianfar, E., Haponiuk, J., Thomas, S., 2024. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: A review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 9
  67. Nabgan, W., Nabgan, B., Tuan Abdullah, T.A., Jalil, A.A., Ul-Hamid, A., Ikram, M., Nordin, A.H., Coelho, A., 2021. Production of hydrogen and valuable fuels from polyethylene terephthalate waste dissolved in phenol reforming and cracking reactions via Ni-Co/CeO2 nano-catalyst. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 154
  68. Pongmuksuwan, P., Kitisatorn, W., 2022. Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for membrane material in membrane bioreactor. In: Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1154–1159
  69. Prasetya Aji, M., Rahmawati, I., Priyanto, A., Marwoto, P., 2023. Novel one-step synthesis of solid-state carbonized polymer dots by heating at around melting point of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle plastic waste. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 20
  70. Prata, J.C., 2018. Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environmental Pollution
  71. Priyadarshini, M., Ahmad, A., Ghangrekar, M.M., 2023. Efficient upcycling of iron scrap and waste polyethylene terephthalate plastic into Fe3O4@C incorporated MIL-53(Fe) as a novel electro-Fenton catalyst for the degradation of salicylic acid. Environmental Pollution 322
  72. Pu, M., Zhou, X., Liu, X., Fang, C., Wang, D., 2023. A facile, alternative and sustainable feedstock for transparent polyurethane elastomers from chemical recycling waste PET in high-efficient way. Waste Management 155, 137–145
  73. Quist-Jensen, C.A., Macedonio, F., Horbez, D., Drioli, E., 2017. Reclamation of sodium sulfate from industrial wastewater by using membrane distillation and membrane crystallization. Desalination 401, 112–119
  74. Rafiei, S., Maghsoodloo, S., Noroozi, B., Mottaghitalab, V., Haghi, A.K., 2013. Mathematical modeling in electrospinning process of nanofibers: a detailed review, cellulose chemistry and technology Cellulose Chem. Technol
  75. Rawindran, H., Arif bin Hut, N., Vrasna, D.K., Goh, P.S., Lim, J.W., Liew, C.S., Ho, C.D., Kang, H.S., Shahid, M.K., Ng, H.S., Habila, M.A., Khoo, K.S., 2024. Ultrafiltration membrane fabricated from polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste for treating microalgal wastewater and reusing for microalgal cultivation. Chemosphere 346
  76. Roy, S., Bhowmick, K., Singh, P., Bhowmick, S., Mukherjee, M., Majumdar, S., Sahoo, G.C., Mondal, P., 2021. Removal of heavy metals by surface tailored copper ion enhanced ceramic-supported-polymeric composite nanofiltration membrane. J Environ Chem Eng 9
  77. Salem, Z., Hamouri, K., Djemaa, R., Allia, K., 2008. Evaluation of landfill leachate pollution and treatment. Desalination 220, 108–114
  78. Samak, N.A., Jia, Y., Sharshar, M.M., Mu, T., Yang, M., Peh, S., Xing, J., 2020. Recent advances in biocatalysts engineering for polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste green recycling. Environ Int
  79. Sax, L., 2010. Polyethylene terephthalate May yield endocrine disruptors. Environ Health Perspect 118, 445–448
  80. Scholes, C.A., Stevens, G.W., Kentish, S.E., 2012. Membrane gas separation applications in natural gas processing. Fuel
  81. Sharifian, S., Asasian-Kolur, N., 2022. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste to carbon materials: Theory, methods and applications. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis
  82. Sharma, B., Shekhar, S., Sharma, S., Jain, P., 2021. The paradigm in conversion of plastic waste into value added materials. Clean Eng Technol
  83. Siddique, R., Khatib, J., Kaur, I., 2008. Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review. Waste Management 28, 1835–1852
  84. Singh, A.K., Bedi, R., Kaith, B.S., 2019. Mechanical properties of composite materials based on waste plastic - a review. In: Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1293–1301
  85. Singh, A.K., Bedi, R., Kaith, B.S., 2021. Composite materials based on recycled polyethylene terephthalate and their properties – A comprehensive review. Compos B Eng
  86. Singh, R., Hankins, N.P., 2016. Introduction to Membrane Processes for Water Treatment. In: Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment. Elsevier Inc., pp. 15–52
  87. Susanto, H., Apriyanti, D.T., Timothy, B., Alfarani, R., Istirokhatun, T., 2019a. ScienceDirect Integration of Redox Polymerization into Phase Inversion Processes for the Non-Fouling Membrane Preparation, Materials Today: Proceedings
  88. Susanto, H., Desiriani, R., Prasetyo, A.A., Hermita, D., Istirokhatun, T., Widiasa, N., 2019b. ScienceDirect Incorporation of Nanoparticles as Antifouling Agents into PES UF Membrane, Materials Today: Proceedings
  89. Susanto, H., Malik, A., Raharjo, S.H., Nur, M., 2019c. ScienceDirect Preparation and Characterization of High Flux Polypropylene Microfiltration Membrane via Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation, Materials Today: Proceedings
  90. Susanto, H., Robbani, M.H., Istirokhatun, T., Firmansyah, A.A., Rhamadhan, R.N., 2020. Preparation of low-fouling polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes by incorporating high-molecular-weight chitosan with the help of a surfactant. S Afr J Chem Eng 33, 133–140
  91. Tamam Ibnu Ali, B., Nareswari, C., Gunawan, T., Widiastuti, N., Kusumawati, Y., Jaafar, J., Saputra, H., Oktavia Sulistiono, D., 2023. Utilization of plastic bottle waste of polyethylene terephthalate as a low-cost membrane and its modifications for gas separation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 127, 378–389
  92. Tan, X.M., Rodrigue, D., 2019. A review on porous polymeric membrane preparation. Part II: Production techniques with polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polypropylene, polyimide, and polytetrafluoroethylene. Polymers (Basel)
  93. Thoden van Velzen, E.U., Brouwer, M.T., Stärker, C., Welle, F., 2020. Effect of recycled content and rPET quality on the properties of PET bottles, part II: Migration. Packaging Technology and Science 33, 359–371
  94. Tian, L., Skoczynska, E., van Putten, R.J., Leslie, H.A., Gruter, G.J.M., 2023. Quantification of polyethylene terephthalate micro- and nanoplastics in domestic wastewater using a simple three-step method. Science of the Total Environment 857
  95. Ubaidullah, M., Al-Enizi, A.M., Ahamad, T., Shaikh, S.F., Al-Abdrabalnabi, M.A., Samdani, M.S., Kumar, D., Alam, M.A., Khan, M., 2021. Fabrication of highly porous N-doped mesoporous carbon using waste polyethylene terephthalate bottle-based MOF-5 for high performance supercapacitor. J Energy Storage 33
  96. Vered, G., Kaplan, A., Avisar, D., Shenkar, N., 2019. Using solitary ascidians to assess microplastic and phthalate plasticizers pollution among marine biota: A case study of the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 138, 618–625
  97. Wang, D., Baliello, A., Poulikakos, L., Vasconcelos, K., Kakar, M.R., Giancontieri, G., Pasquini, E., Porot, L., Tušar, M., Riccardi, C., Pasetto, M., Lo Presti, D., Cannone Falchetto, A., 2022. Rheological properties of asphalt binder modified with waste polyethylene: An interlaboratory research from the RILEM TC WMR. Resour Conserv Recycl 186
  98. Wang, Shaobo, Wang, C., Wang, H., Chen, X., Wang, Saibo, 2015. Sodium titanium tris(glycolate) as a catalyst for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) via glycolysis and repolycondensation. Polym Degrad Stab 114, 105–114
  99. Wittkowski, P., Marx-Stoelting, P., Violet, N., Fetz, V., Schwarz, F., Oelgeschläger, M., Schönfelder, G., Vogl, S., 2019. Caenorhabditis elegans As a Promising Alternative Model for Environmental Chemical Mixture Effect Assessment - A Comparative Study. Environ Sci Technol 53, 12725–12733
  100. Xiong, Q., Chen, H., Tian, Q., Yue, X., Qiu, F., Zhang, T., Wang, A.B., 2022. Waste PET derived Janus fibrous membrane for efficient oil/water emulsions separation. J Environ Chem Eng 10
  101. Xu’, J., Agrawal’, R., 1996. MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN STRATEGIES BASED ON THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF PERMEATION, Chemcal Engrneering Science
  102. Xu, J., Li, K., Deng, H., Lv, S., Fang, P., Liu, H., Shao, Q., Guo, Z., 2019. Preparation of MCA-SiO 2 and Its Flame Retardant Effects on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene. Fibers and Polymers 20, 120–128
  103. Xu, X., Chu, Y., Chen, R., Wu, Q., Chen, X., Zou, F., Peng, C., 2022. Thermo-mechanochemical recycling of waste polypropylene into degradation products as modifiers for cleaner production and properties enhancement of bitumen. J Clean Prod 379
  104. Xu, X., Leng, Z., Lan, J., Wang, W., Yu, J., Bai, Y., Sreeram, A., Hu, J., 2021. Sustainable Practice in Pavement Engineering through Value-Added Collective Recycling of Waste Plastic and Waste Tyre Rubber. Engineering 7, 857–867
  105. Yadav, A., Labhasetwar, P.K., Shahi, V.K., 2022. Membrane distillation crystallization technology for zero liquid discharge and resource recovery: Opportunities, challenges and futuristic perspectives. Science of the Total Environment
  106. Yaka, M., Ehirchiou, A., Alkandry, T.T.S., Sair, K., 2015. Huge plastic bezoar: A rare cause of gastrointestinal obstruction. Pan African Medical Journal 21
  107. Yan, H., Lai, C., Wang, D., Liu, S., Li, X., Zhou, X., Yi, H., Li, B., Zhang, M., Li, L., Liu, X., Qin, L., Fu, Y., 2021. In situ chemical oxidation: Peroxide or persulfate coupled with membrane technology for wastewater treatment. J Mater Chem A Mater
  108. Yang, L., Shi, M., Jiang, J., Liu, Y., Yan, C., Liu, H., Guo, Z., 2019. Heterogeneous interface induced formation of balsam pear-like PPy for high performance supercapacitors. Mater Lett 244, 27–30
  109. Yi, H., Yan, M., Huang, D., Zeng, G., Lai, C., Li, M., Huo, X., Qin, L., Liu, S., Liu, X., Li, B., Wang, H., Shen, M., Fu, Y., Guo, X., 2019. Synergistic effect of artificial enzyme and 2D nano-structured Bi2WO6 for eco-friendly and efficient biomimetic photocatalysis. Appl Catal B 250, 52–62
  110. Yi, K., Huang, J., Li, X., Li, S., Pang, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, S., Liu, C., Shu, W., 2022. Long-term impacts of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics in membrane bioreactor. J Environ Manage 323
  111. Yuan, X., Cho, M.K., Lee, J.G., Choi, S.W., Lee, K.B., 2020a. Upcycling of waste polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottles into porous carbon for CF4 adsorption. Environmental Pollution 265
  112. Yuan, X., Lee, J.G., Yun, H., Deng, S., Kim, Y.J., Lee, J.E., Kwak, S.K., Lee, K.B., 2020b. Solving two environmental issues simultaneously: Waste polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottle-derived microporous carbons for capturing CO2. Chemical Engineering Journal 397
  113. Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Chen, P., Maddela, N.R., Li, S., 2023. Insights into the membrane fouling aggravation under polyethylene terephthalate microplastics contamination: From a biochemical point of view. J Clean Prod 424
  114. Zhou, X., Fang, C., Yu, Q., Yang, R., Xie, L., Cheng, Y., Li, Y., 2017. Synthesis and characterization of waterborne polyurethane dispersion from glycolyzed products of waste polyethylene terephthalate used as soft and hard segment. Int J Adhes Adhes 74, 49–56
  115. Zhu, G., Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Dong, M., Liu, H., Shao, Q., Ding, T., Wu, S., Guo, Z., 2019. Poly (vinyl butyral)/Graphene oxide/poly (methylhydrosiloxane) nanocomposite coating for improved aluminum alloy anticorrosion. Polymer (Guildf) 172, 415–422
  116. Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T.A., Völker, C., Wagner, M., 2019. Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products. Environ Sci Technol 53
  117. Zou, F., Xu, X., Chen, R., Lan, J., Li, G., Tan, Z., Xu, J., Jiang, X., Leng, Z., 2024. A novel foaming additive derived from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for low-carbon warm mix asphalt. Resour Conserv Recycl 202
  118. Zoungrana, A., Çakmakci, M., 2021. From non-renewable energy to renewable by harvesting salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis: A review. Int J Energy Res

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-12-25 11:08:09

No citation recorded.