skip to main content

Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimizer Based MPPT Algorithm of PV System Under Partial Shaded Condition

JNT University Kakinada, India

Published: 6 Nov 2017.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto

Citation Format:
Abstract

Partial shading condition is one of the adverse phenomena which effects the power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems due to inaccurate tracking of global maximum power point. Conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques like Perturb and Observe, Incremental Conductance and Hill Climbing can track the maximum power point effectively under uniform shaded condition, but fails under partial shaded condition. An attractive solution under partial shaded condition is application of meta-heuristic algorithms to operate at global maximum power point. Hence in this paper, an Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimizer (EGWO) based maximum power point tracking algorithm is proposed to track the global maximum power point of PV system under partial shading condition. A Mathematical model of PV system is developed under partial shaded condition using single diode model and EGWO is applied to track global maximum power point. The proposed method is programmed in MATLAB environment and simulations are carried out on 4S and 2S2P PV configurations for dynamically changing shading patterns. The results of the proposed method are analyzed and compared with GWO and PSO algorithms. It is observed that proposed method is effective in tracking global maximum power point with more accuracy in less computation time compared to other methods.

Article History: Received June 12nd 2017; Received in revised form August 13rd 2017; Accepted August 15th 2017; Available online

How to Cite This Article: Kumar, C.H.S and Rao, R.S. (2017 Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimizer Based MPPT Algorithm of PV System Under Partial Shaded Condition. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(3), 203-212.

https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.203-212

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimizer, Maximum power point tracking, Partial shaded condition, PV system, Single diode model.

Article Metrics:

  1. Ahmed, J. and Salam, Z. (2014) A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for PV system using Cuckoo search with Partial shading capability. Appl Energy, 119, 118-130
  2. Ciulla.G., Brano, V.L., Dio, V.D. and Cipriani, G. (2014) A comparison of different one-diode models for the representation of I–V characteristic of a PV cell. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 32, 684-696
  3. Gupta, A., Chauhan, Y.K and Rupendra, K.P. (2016) A comparative investigation of maximum power point tracking methods for solar PV system. Solar energy, 136, 236-253
  4. Ishaque, K., Salam, Z., Amjad, M. and Mekhilef, S. (2012) An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based MPPT for PV with reduced steady state oscillations. IEEE Trans Power Electron, 27(8), 3627-3637
  5. Ishaque, K., Salam, Z., Shamsudin, A. and Amjad, M. (2012) A direct control based maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Applied Energy, 99, 414-422
  6. Jiang, L.L., Maskell, D.L. & Patra, J.C. (2013) A novel ant colony optimization based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems under partially shaded condition. Energy & Buildings, 58, 227-236
  7. JNNSM, India. (2016) http://www.mnre.gov.in
  8. Jordehi, A.R. (2016) Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic (PV) systems: A review of different approaches. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 65, 1127-1138
  9. Kumar, C., & Rao, R. (2016). (2016). A Novel Global MPP Tracking of Photovoltaic System based on Whale Optimization Algorithm. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(3), 225-232
  10. Liu, Y.H., Huang, S.C., Huang, J.W. and Liang, W.C. (2012) A particle swarm optimization based maximum power point tracking algorithm for PV systems operating under partially shaded conditions. IEEE Trans Energy Conv, 27(4), 1027-1035
  11. Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S, M. & Lewis, A. (2014) Grey wolf optimizer. Advances in Engg Software, 69, 46-61
  12. Ramli., M.A.M., Twaha,S., Ishaque, K. and Al-Turki, Y.A.. (2017) A review on maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems with and without shading conditions. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 67, 144-159
  13. Sangram, B. and Saini, R, P. (2016) A mathematical modeling framework to evaluate the performance of single diode and double diode based SPV systems. Energy reports, 2, 171-187
  14. Saravanan, S. and Ramesh, B., N. (2016) Maximum power point tracking algorithms for photovoltaic system – A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 57, 192-204
  15. Satyajit, M., Bidyadhar, S. and Pravat, K.R. (2016) A new MPPT design using grey wolf optimizer technique for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. IEEE Trans on sustainable energy, 7(1), 181-188
  16. Silvestre, S., Boronat, A. and Chouder, A. (2009) Study of bypass diodes configuration on PV modules. Applied Energy, 86, 1632-1640
  17. Sundareswaran, K., Sankar, P. and Sankaran, P. (2014) MPPT of PV systems under partial shaded Conditions through a colony of flashing fireflies. IEEE Trans Ener Conv, 29(2), 463-472
  18. Sundareswaran, K., Sankar, P., Nayak, P.S.R., Simon, S.P. & Palani, S. (2015) Enhanced energy output from a PV system under partial shaded conditions through Artificial bee colony. IEEE Trans Sustainable Ener, 6(1), 198-209
  19. Verma, D., Nema.S., Shandilya, A., M., and Dash, S.K. (2016) Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques:Recapitulation in solar photovoltaic systems. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 54, 1018-1034
  20. Zainal, S., Jubaer, A. and Beny, S.M. (2013) The application of soft computing methods for MPPT of PV system: A technological and status review. Applied Energy, 107, 135-148

Last update:

  1. Comprehensive overview of maximum power point tracking algorithms of PV systems under partial shading condition

    Bo Yang, Tianjiao Zhu, Jingbo Wang, Hongchun Shu, Tao Yu, Xiaoshun Zhang, Wei Yao, Liming Sun. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268 , 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121983
  2. Metaheuristic Based MPPT Control for Solar PV Systems Under Partial Shading Conditions

    K Deepak, Anu G Kumar. 2022 IEEE 7th International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), 2022. doi: 10.1109/ICRAIE56454.2022.10054248
  3. A New Efficient Cuckoo Search MPPT Algorithm Based on a Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Controller for Partially Shaded Standalone Photovoltaic System

    Zahra Bel Hadj Salah, Saber Krim, Mohamed Ali Hajjaji, Badr M. Alshammari, Khalid Alqunun, Ahmed Alzamil, Tawfik Guesmi. Sustainability, 15 (12), 2023. doi: 10.3390/su15129753
  4. WHALE OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM BASED OPTIMAL MPPT OF PV POWER PLANT (REAL CASE STUDY)

    A. HELAL SAYED, M. A. EBRAHIM **, M. RADY NESSREEN, M. SALAMA MOHAMED. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 12 (3), 2019. doi: 10.26634/jee.12.3.15144
  5. Robust MPPT Tracking for PV Solar Power using Metaheuristic Algorithms

    Mohammed Tebaa, Mohammed Ouassaid, Youssef Ait Ali. 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, 2021. doi: 10.1109/PowerAfrica52236.2021.9543413
  6. A novel MPPT design based on the seagull optimization algοrithm for phοtovοltaic systems operating under partial shading

    Abdelilah Chalh, Redouane chaibi, Aboubakr El Hammoumi, Saad Motahhir, Abdelaziz El Ghzizal, Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah. Scientific Reports, 12 (1), 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26284-x
  7. Performance Investigation for Tracking GMPP of Photovoltaic System Under Partial Shading Condition Using Coyote Algorithm

    Hazem H. Mostafa, Amr M. Ibrahim. 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2019. doi: 10.1109/MEPCON47431.2019.9008012
  8. PV Based Standalone DC -Micro Grid System for EV Charging Station with New GWO-ANFIS MPPTs under Partial Shading Conditions

    R. Ragul, N. Shanmugasundaram, Mariaraja Paramasivam, Suresh Seetharaman, Sheela L. Mary Immaculate, Ravi Samikannu. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2023 , 2023. doi: 10.1155/2023/2073742
  9. Comparative analysis of two-step GA-based PV array reconfiguration technique and other reconfiguration techniques

    Aidha Muhammad Ajmal, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, Amirreza Naderipour, Janaka B. Ekanayake. Energy Conversion and Management, 230 , 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113806
  10. A GWO-P&O Algorithm MPPT for PV Systems Under UIC and PSC

    Muyassar Muyassar, Tarmizi, Yuwaldy Away. JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO, 2022. doi: 10.25077/jnte.v11n3.1031.2022
  11. A Novel Horse Racing Algorithm Based MPPT Control for Standalone PV Power Systems

    Sy Ngo, Chian-Song Chiu, Thanh-Dong Ngo. Energies, 15 (20), 2022. doi: 10.3390/en15207498
  12. An Advanced and Robust Approach to Maximize Solar Photovoltaic Power Production

    Muhannad Alaraj, Astitva Kumar, Ibrahim Alsaidan, Mohammad Rizwan, Majid Jamil. Sustainability, 14 (12), 2022. doi: 10.3390/su14127398
  13. Enhanced Grey Wolf optimization for GMPP Tracking of PV Systems Under Partial Shading Condition

    Latefa A. El-sharawy, Hadi M. El-helw, Hany M. Hasanien. 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2019. doi: 10.1109/MEPCON47431.2019.9008051
  14. A Review of Partial Shading MPPT Algorithm on Speed, Accuracy, and Cost Embedded

    Asnil Asnil, Refdinal Nazir, Krismadinata Krismadinata , Muhammad Nasir Sonni. Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences , 2023. doi: 10.24237/djes.2023.16101
  15. Maximum power point tracking in partially shaded photovoltaic systems using grasshopper optimization algorithm

    Sadegh Mahmoodi Tabar, Mostafa Shahnazari, Kamila Heshmati. IET Renewable Power Generation, 17 (2), 2023. doi: 10.1049/rpg2.12606
  16. Grade point average assessment for metaheuristic GMPP techniques of partial shaded PV systems

    Ali M. Eltamaly, Hassan M.H. Farh, Mamdooh S. Al‐Saud. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13 (8), 2019. doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5336
  17. A REVIEW ON MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEMS

    S. Senthilkumar, Mohan V., Deepa R., Nuthal Srinivasan M., T. Senthil Kumar, Sudhakar Babu Thanikanti, Prathap N.. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 11 (3), 2023. doi: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v11.i3.2023.5086
  18. Modified grey wolf optimization for global maximum power point tracking under partial shading conditions in photovoltaic system

    Rambabu Motamarri, Nagu Bhookya, B. Chitti Babu. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 49 (7), 2021. doi: 10.1002/cta.3018
  19. Artificial Intelligence of Things-Based Optimal Finite-Time Terminal Attractor and Its Application to Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Arrays in Smart Cities

    En-Chih Chang, Chun-An Cheng, Rong-Ching Wu, Chao-Yang Lee. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022 , 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/4213217
  20. Dynamic global maximum power point tracking of the PV systems under variant partial shading using hybrid GWO-FLC

    Ali M. Eltamaly, Hassan M.H. Farh. Solar Energy, 177 , 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.028
  21. A review of global maximum power point tracking techniques of photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions

    Faiza Belhachat, Cherif Larbes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92 , 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.094
  22. A Dimension-Independent Array Relocation (DIAR) Approach for Partial Shading Losses Minimization in Asymmetrical Photovoltaic Arrays

    Pradyumna Mallick, Renu Sharma, Priya Ranjan Satpathy, Sudhakar Babu Thanikanti, Nnamdi I. Nwulu. IEEE Access, 11 , 2023. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3288329
  23. Role of Metaheuristic Approaches for Implementation of Integrated MPPT-PV Systems: A Comprehensive Study

    Amit Kumar Sharma, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Sushabhan Choudhury, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Majed A. Alotaibi, Hasmat Malik, Fausto Pedro García Márquez. Mathematics, 11 (2), 2023. doi: 10.3390/math11020269
  24. Solution of Test Problems with Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm and Comparison with Particle Swarm Optimization

    Alper KÖYBAŞI, İrfan YAZİCİ. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 24 (6), 2020. doi: 10.16984/saufenbilder.788681
  25. Classification and Evaluation Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods

    Ali Omar Baba, Guangyu Liu, Xiaohui Chen. Sustainable Futures, 2 , 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100020
  26. Comprehensive overview of meta-heuristic algorithm applications on PV cell parameter identification

    Bo Yang, Jingbo Wang, Xiaoshun Zhang, Tao Yu, Wei Yao, Hongchun Shu, Fang Zeng, Liming Sun. Energy Conversion and Management, 208 , 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112595
  27. A novel simple GMPPT method based on probability distribution of global maximum power point under partial shading conditions

    Cao Kha Bao Khanh, Boitier Vincent. IECON 2022 – 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2022. doi: 10.1109/IECON49645.2022.9968671
  28. Study and Implementation of a High-Quality True Sine Wave DC-to-AC Inverter for Solar Power Generation Systems

    En-Chih Chang, Rong-Ching Wu, Heidi H. Chang, Chun-An Cheng. Micromachines, 13 (10), 2022. doi: 10.3390/mi13101723
  29. A state-of-the-art review on shading mitigation techniques in solar photovoltaics via meta-heuristic approach

    Pawan Kumar Pathak, Anil Kumar Yadav, P. A. Alvi. Neural Computing and Applications, 34 (1), 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00521-021-06586-3
  30. An intelligent EGWO‐SCA‐CS algorithm for PSS parameter tuning under system uncertainties

    Ramesh Devarapalli, Biplab Bhattacharyya, Nikhil K. Sinha. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 35 (10), 2020. doi: 10.1002/int.22263
  31. Simulation Implementation of MPPT Design under Partial Shading Effect of PV Panels

    Sy Ngo, Chian-Song Chiu. 2020 International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE), 2020. doi: 10.1109/ICSSE50014.2020.9219306
  32. An Improved Gray Wolf Optimizer MPPT Algorithm for PV System With BFBIC Converter Under Partial Shading

    Ke Guo, Lichuang Cui, Mingxuan Mao, Lin Zhou, Qianjin Zhang. IEEE Access, 8 , 2020. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999311
  33. A Reinvigorated Optimization Approach for Assessment and Comparison of Various Configured Photovoltaic Array Under Distinct Shading Conditions

    SONALI RAJ, RAMESH KUMAR. SSRN Electronic Journal , 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4051678
  34. A novel statistical performance evaluation of most modern optimization-based global MPPT techniques for partially shaded PV system

    Hegazy Rezk, Mazen AL-Oran, Mohamed R. Gomaa, Mohamed A. Tolba, Ahmed Fathy, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, A.G. Olabi, Abou Hashema M. El-Sayed. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 115 , 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109372
  35. Optimal Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration For Alleviating the Partial Shading Influence Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

    Xuan Zhang, Mengyuan Wang. 2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), 2022. doi: 10.1109/EI256261.2022.10117089
  36. MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm for PV Power Systems Under Partial Shading Effects

    Sy Ngo, Chian-Song Chiu, Thanh-Dong Ngo, Cao-Tri Nguyen. IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications, 12 (3), 2023. doi: 10.1541/ieejjia.22007172
  37. Grey wolf optimization and differential evolution-based maximum power point tracking controller for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions

    Dokala Janandra Krishna Kishore, Mohd Rusllim Mohamed, Kumarasamy Sudhakar, Kurukuri Peddakapu. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 44 (3), 2022. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2022.2096154
  38. A New MPPT-Based Extended Grey Wolf Optimizer for Stand-Alone PV System: A Performance Evaluation versus Four Smart MPPT Techniques in Diverse Scenarios

    Mohammed Yousri Silaa, Oscar Barambones, Aissa Bencherif, Abdellah Rahmani. Inventions, 8 (6), 2023. doi: 10.3390/inventions8060142
  39. A Comprehensive Review of Recent Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems under Partial Shading

    Muhammed Y. Worku, Mohamed A. Hassan, Luqman S. Maraaba, Md Shafiullah, Mohamed R. Elkadeem, Md Ismail Hossain, Mohamed A. Abido. Sustainability, 15 (14), 2023. doi: 10.3390/su151411132
  40. Performance Optimization in Photovoltaic Systems: A Review

    B. Sangeetha, K. Manjunatha, P. Thirusenthil Kumaran, A. Sheela, K. S. Yamuna, S. Sivakumar. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 2023. doi: 10.1007/s11831-023-10023-0
  41. A fast and accurate sine-cosine MPPT algorithm under partial shading with implementation using arduino board

    Hicham Karmouni, Mohamed Chouiekh, Saad Motahhir, Hassan Qjidaa, Mohamed Ouazzani Jamil, Mhamed Sayyouri. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 9 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2022.100535
  42. A Comprehensive Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Techniques Used in Solar PV Systems

    Musong L. Katche, Augustine B. Makokha, Siagi O. Zachary, Muyiwa S. Adaramola. Energies, 16 (5), 2023. doi: 10.3390/en16052206
  43. Optimization of module pressure retarded osmosis membrane for maximum energy extraction

    Yingxue Chen, Adnan Alhathal Alanezi, John Zhou, Ali Altaee, M. Hasan Shaheed. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 32 , 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100935
  44. Novel Partial Shading Tolerant Short-Circuit-Current Based PV Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique

    Hayam A. Eldeeb, Ahmed K. Abdelsalam, Iman G. Morsi. 2021 IEEE Fourth International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), 2021. doi: 10.1109/ICDCM50975.2021.9504678
  45. Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic array based on improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

    GuangZhi Lai, HaoRan Li, ChangZhi Zhang, YiHao Zhang, ZhiJin Wang. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2310 (1), 2022. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012018
  46. Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Systems

    Hassan M. H. Farh, Ali M. Eltamaly. Green Energy and Technology, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-05578-3_4

Last update: 2024-03-19 09:24:09

  1. Comprehensive overview of maximum power point tracking algorithms of PV systems under partial shading condition

    Bo Yang, Tianjiao Zhu, Jingbo Wang, Hongchun Shu, Tao Yu, Xiaoshun Zhang, Wei Yao, Liming Sun. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268 , 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121983
  2. A novel global maximum power point tracking method for PV system using Jaya algorithm

    Huang C.. 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, EI2 2017 - Proceedings, 127 , 2017. doi: 10.1109/EI2.2017.8245345
  3. Moth-flame optimization-based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions

    Shi J.Y.. Journal of Power Electronics, 19 (5), 2019. doi: 10.6113/JPE.2019.19.5.1248
  4. Performance Investigation for Tracking GMPP of Photovoltaic System Under Partial Shading Condition Using Coyote Algorithm

    Hazem H. Mostafa, Amr M. Ibrahim. 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2019. doi: 10.1109/MEPCON47431.2019.9008012
  5. Comparative analysis of two-step GA-based PV array reconfiguration technique and other reconfiguration techniques

    Aidha Muhammad Ajmal, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, Amirreza Naderipour, Janaka B. Ekanayake. Energy Conversion and Management, 230 , 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113806
  6. An intelligent EGWO-SCA-CS algorithm for PSS parameter tuning under system uncertainties

    Devarapalli R.. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 35 (10), 2020. doi: 10.1002/int.22263
  7. Enhanced Grey Wolf optimization for GMPP Tracking of PV Systems Under Partial Shading Condition

    Latefa A. El-sharawy, Hadi M. El-helw, Hany M. Hasanien. 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2019. doi: 10.1109/MEPCON47431.2019.9008051
  8. Grade point average assessment for metaheuristic GMPP techniques of partial shaded PV systems

    Ali M. Eltamaly, Hassan M.H. Farh, Mamdooh S. Al‐Saud. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13 (8), 2019. doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5336
  9. Dynamic global maximum power point tracking of the PV systems under variant partial shading using hybrid GWO-FLC

    Ali M. Eltamaly, Hassan M.H. Farh. Solar Energy, 177 , 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.028
  10. A review of global maximum power point tracking techniques of photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions

    Faiza Belhachat, Cherif Larbes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92 , 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.094
  11. Comprehensive overview of meta-heuristic algorithm applications on PV cell parameter identification

    Bo Yang, Jingbo Wang, Xiaoshun Zhang, Tao Yu, Wei Yao, Hongchun Shu, Fang Zeng, Liming Sun. Energy Conversion and Management, 208 , 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112595
  12. A performance analysis of a hybrid golden section search methodology and a nature-inspired algorithm for MPPT in a solar PV system

    Mostafa H.H.. Archives of Electrical Engineering, 68 (3), 2019. doi: 10.24425/aee.2019.129345
  13. Simulation Implementation of MPPT Design under Partial Shading Effect of PV Panels

    Sy Ngo, Chian-Song Chiu. 2020 International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE), 2020. doi: 10.1109/ICSSE50014.2020.9219306
  14. An Improved Gray Wolf Optimizer MPPT Algorithm for PV System With BFBIC Converter Under Partial Shading

    Ke Guo, Lichuang Cui, Mingxuan Mao, Lin Zhou, Qianjin Zhang. IEEE Access, 8 , 2020. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999311
  15. A novel statistical performance evaluation of most modern optimization-based global MPPT techniques for partially shaded PV system

    Hegazy Rezk, Mazen AL-Oran, Mohamed R. Gomaa, Mohamed A. Tolba, Ahmed Fathy, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, A.G. Olabi, Abou Hashema M. El-Sayed. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 115 , 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109372
  16. Maximum power extraction from the photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions

    Farh H.. Green Energy and Technology, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-05578-3_4
  17. Optimization of module pressure retarded osmosis membrane for maximum energy extraction

    Yingxue Chen, Adnan Alhathal Alanezi, John Zhou, Ali Altaee, M. Hasan Shaheed. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 32 , 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100935