Distributed Generation: A Critical Review of Technologies, Grid Integration Issues, Growth Drivers and Potential Benefits


Owing to liberalization of electricity market, technology evolution, energy security, environmental issues and growing concerns of energy cost, the penetration of distributed energy units in distribution network is increasingly observed worldwide. Penetratingrembedded generation, or distributedrgeneration (DG), in powerrdistribution grid requires asnumber of issues to be considered, such as definition of DG, rating of DG, the best DG technology etc. This paper presents an extensive critical review of various dimensions of distributed generation (DG) including definitions, generation technologies and their status, impact on distribution network performance etc. The study also presents comparative study between the various technologies in terms of most important technological characteristics of each DG technology. The policy makers, utility regulators and DG planning engineers can use this critical review, withoutigoing through complicatedicomputations, as guidelines to makeipolicies, standards andidecisions in DG penetration andirelated issues.
Article Metrics:
- Ackermann, T., Anderson, G. and Söder, L. (2001). Distributed generation: a definition. Electric Power Systems Research, 57, 195-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7796(01)00101-8
- Adil, A., M. and Ko, Y. (2016). Social - technical evaluation of decentralized energy systems: a critical review and implications for urban planning and policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1025 - 1037, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.079
- Afanasyeva, S., Saari, J., Kalkofen, M., Partanen, J. and Pyrhönen, O (2016). Technical, economic and uncertainty modelling of a wind farm project. Energy Conversion and Management,107, 22 - 33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.048
- Akella, A., Saini, R. and Sharma, M. (2009). Social, economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems', Renewable Energy, 34, 390 - 396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.002
- Allan, G., Eromenko, I., Gilmartin, M., Kockar, I. and McGregor, P. (2015). The economics of distributed energy generation: A literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 2015, 543-556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.064
- Ardizzon, G., Cavazzini, G. and Pavesi, G. (2014). A new generation of small hydro and pumped-hydro power plants: advances and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31, 746 - 761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.043
- Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) [Online], http://www.aemo.com.au/
- Banerjee, R. (2006). Comparison of options for distributed generation in India. Energy Policy, 34, 101 - 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.06.006
- Bansal, R. (2017) Handbook of Distributed Generation - Electric Power Technologies, Economics and Environmental Impacts, Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51343-0
- Baxter, R. (2006) Energy storage: a nontechnical guide, Tulsa, OK: PennWell
- Bizon, N. (2018). Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system. Applied Energy, 229, 459-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.013
- Bond, T. and Templeton, M. (2011). History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(4), 347 - 354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.09.003
- Borbely, A.M. and Kreider, J.F. (2001) Distributed Generation, The Power Paradigm for the New Millennium. Boca Raton: CRC Press, USA. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420042399
- Bradbury, K. (2010) Energy storage technology review. Technical report, Durham, NC: Duke University
- Brearley, J. B. and Raja Prabu, R. (2017). A review on issues and approaches for microgrid protection. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 988-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.047
- Brouwer, A. S., Mvd Broek, Özdemir, Ö., Koutstaal, P. and Faaij, A (2016). Business case uncertainty of power plants in future energy systems with wind power. Energy Policy, 89, 237-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.11.022
- Carley, S. (2009). Distributed generation: an empirical analysis of primary motivators. Energy Policy, 37(5), 1648 - 1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.003
- Chambers, A. (2001) Distributed generation: a non-technical guide. Oklahoma: Pennwell, Tulsa
- Chiradeja, P., Ramakumar, R. (2004). An approach to quantify the technical benefits of distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 19, 764 - 73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2004.827704
- Chmutina, K. and Goodier, C., I. (2014). Alternative future energy pathways: assessment of the potential of innovative decentralised energy systems in the UK. Energy Policy, 66, 62 - 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.080
- CIGRE Study Committee 37 (WG 37-23) (1998) Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on the power system Final Report, CIGRE, Paris
- Colmenar, S., A., Reino, R., C., Borge, D., D. and Collado, F., E. (2016). Distributed generation: a review of factors that can contribute most to achieve a scenario of DG units embedded in the new distribution networks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59,1130 - 1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.023
- Delfanti, M., Falabretti, D. and Merlo, M. (2013). Dispersed generation impact on distribution network losses. Electric Power Systems Research, 97,10 - 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.11.018
- Dondi, P., Bayoumi, D., Haederli, C., Julian, D. and Suter, M. (2002). Network integration of distributed power generation', Journal of Power Sources, 106, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)01031-X
- Electric Power Research Institute. [Online] http://www.epri.com/gg/newgen/disgen/index.html (January 1998)
- Engelhardt, S., Erlich, I., Feltes, C., Kretschmann, J. and Shewarega, F. (2011). Reactive power capability of wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 26(1), 364 - 372. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2010.2081365
- Florensa, R. S. and Cueva, R. L. (2003). Photovoltaic systems: case studies in Practical handbook of photovoltaics-fundamentals and applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 726-747
- Gas Research Institute (1998). Distributed Power Generation: A Strategy for a Competitive Energy Industry, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, USA
- Gehlot, R., Pardikar, K., Dasila, N. K. and Mohanty, S. (2016) Solar PV. Integrated World Super Grid (WSG): possibilities, implementation issues and impacts. Journal of Clean Energy Technology, 4(1), 20 - 5. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOCET.2016.V4.247
- Government of India (GOI) (2018) Annual Report 2018 - 19, Ministry of Non - Renewable Energy, India
- Hadisaid, N., Canard, J. F. and Dumas, F. (1999). Dispersed generation impact on distribution networks. IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 12(12), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1109/67.755642
- IEA (2014) Energy storage technology roadmap. International Energy Agency, Paris, France
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2003) IEEE - 1547, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
- International Energy Agency (IEA) (1997) Energy Technologies for the 21st Century, Paris
- International Energy Agency (IEA) (2002) Distributed generation in liberalized electricity markets. France
- Ishchenko, D., Oudalov, A. and Stoupis, J. (2012). Protection coordination in active distribution grids with IEC 61850 in IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2012.6281478
- Jain, S.; Kalambe, S.; Agnihotri, G.; and Mishra, A. (2017). Distributed generation deployment: state - of - the - art of the distribution system planning in sustainable era. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 363 - 385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.024
- Jenkins, N., Allan, R., Crossley, P., Kirschen, D. and Strbac, G. (2000) Embedded Generation, The Institute of Electrical Engineers, London
- Jenkins, N., Ekanayake, J. B. and Strbac, G. (2010) Distributed Generation, 1st ed., IET, UK. https://doi.org/10.1049/PBRN001E
- Khalesi, N., Rezaei, N. and Haghifam, M. R. (2011). DG allocation with application of dynamic programming for loss reduction and reliability improvement. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System. 33(2), 88-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.024
- Khattam, W. El. and Salama, M. (2004). Distributed generation technologies, definitions and benefits. Electric Power Systems Research, 71, 119 - 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2004.01.006
- Labouret, A. and Villoz, M. (2010) Solar photovoltaic energy, Institution of Engineering and Technology, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1049/PBRN009E
- Latran, M. B., Teke, A. and Yoldas, Y. (2015). Mitigation of power quality problems using distribution static synchronous compensator: a comprehensive review. IET Power Electronics, 8(7), 1312-1328. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2014.0531
- Lopes, V. S. and Borges, C. L. T. (2015). Impact of the combined integration of wind generation and small hydropower plants on the system reliability. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 6(3), 1169 - 1177. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2014.2335895
- Mahat, P., Chen, Z. and Bak Jensen, B. (2010). Under frequency Load Shedding for an Islanded Distributed System with Distributed Generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25(2), 911 - 918. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2032327
- Mahmud, M. A., Hossain, M. J. and Pota, H. R. (2014). Voltage variation on distribution networks with distributed generation: worst case scenario. IEEE Systems Journal, 8, 1096 - 1103. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2013.2265176
- Mahmud, N. and Zahedi, A. (2016). Review of control strategies for voltage regulation of the smart distribution network with high penetration of renewable distributed generation. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 582 - 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.030
- Manfren, M., Caputo, P. and Costa, G. (2011). Paradigm shift in urban energy systems through distributed generation: methods and models. Applied Energy, 88(4),1032 - 1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.10.018
- Mehigan, L., Deane, J.P., Gallachóir, B.P.Ó. and Bertsch, V. (2018). A review of the role of distributed generation (DG) in future electricity systems. Energy,163, 822 - 836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.022
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2003). Gas fired distributed energy resource technology characterizations. [Online] http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34783.pdf. (Accessed on 21 Apr 2016)
- Paliwal, P., Patidar, N. P. and Nema, R. K. (2014). Planning of grid integrated generators: a review of technology, objectives and planning. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 557 - 570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.200
- Pepermans, G., Driesen, J., Haeseldonckx, D., Belmans, R. and D'haeseleer, W. (2005). Distributed generation: definition, benefits and issues', Energy Policy, 33(6), 787-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.10.004
- Perez-Arriaga, I. J. (2016). The transmission of the future: the impact of distributed energy resources on the network', IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 14(4), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2016.2550398
- Roy, N. and Pota, H. R. (2015). Current status and issues of concern for the integration of distributed generation into electricity networks. IEEE Systems Journal, 9, 933 - 44. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2014.2305282
- San Martín, J. I., Zamora, I., San Martín, J. J., Aperribay, V. and Eguia, P. (2010). Hybrid fuel cells technologies for electrical microgrids. Electric Power Systems Research, 80, 993-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2010.01.006
- Soroudi, A., Ehsan, M., Caire, R. and Hadjsaid, N. (2011) Possibilistic evaluation of distributed generations impacts on distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(4), 2293 - 2301. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2116810
- Strachana, N. and Farrell, A. (2006). Emissions from distributed vs. centralized generation: the importance of system performance', Energy Policy, 34, 2677-2689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.03.015
- Vahl, F., P., Rüther, R. and Casarotto, F., N. (2013). The influence of distributed generation penetration levels on energy markets', Energy Policy, 62, 226 - 235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.108
- VanVuuren, S. J., VanDijk, M., Loots, I., Barta, B. and Scharfetter, B. G. (2014). Conduit hydropower development guide. Water Research Commmission, Pretoria
- Willis, H. L. and Scott, W. G. (2000) Distributed power generation, Marcel Dekker, New York. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16836
- Zahedi, A. (2011). A review of drivers, benefits, and challenges in integrating renewable energy sources into electricity grid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 4775 - 4779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.074
Last update: 2021-03-07 01:04:17
Last update: 2021-03-07 01:04:17
-
Power loss minimization in radial distribution systems with simultaneous placement and sizing of different types of distribution generation units using improved artificial bee colony algorithm
Khetrapal P.. International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 12 (3), 2020. doi: 10.15676/ijeei.2020.12.3.15

This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Articles are freely available to both subscribers and the wider public with permitted reuse.
All articles published Open Access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. We are continuously working with our author communities to select the best choice of license options: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). Authors and readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.