skip to main content

The feasibility of utilizing microwave-assisted pyrolysis for Albizia branches biomass conversion into biofuel productions

Department of Chemical Engineering, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq

Received: 30 Jul 2023; Revised: 10 Sep 2023; Accepted: 17 Oct 2023; Available online: 22 Oct 2023; Published: 1 Nov 2023.
Editor(s): Rock Keey Liew
Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

The consumption of fossil fuels has caused many challenges, including environmental and climate damage, global warming, and rising energy costs, which has prompted seeking to substitute other alternative sources. The current study explored the microwave pyrolysis of Albizia branches to assess its potential to produce all forms of fuel (solid, liquid, gas), time savings, and effective thermal heat transfer. The impact of the critical parameters on the quantity and quality of the biofuel generation, including time, power levels, biomass weight, and particle size, were investigated. The results revealed that the best bio-oil production was 76% at a power level of 450 W and 20 g of biomass. Additionally, low power levels led to enhanced biochar production, where a percentage of 70% appeared when employing a power level of 300 W. Higher power levels were used to increase the creation of gaseous fuels in all circumstances, such as in 700 W, the gas yield was 31%. The density, viscosity, acidity, HHV, GC-MS, and FTIR instruments were used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of the bio-oil. The GC-MS analysis showed that the bio-oil consists of aromatic compounds, ketones, aldehydes, acids, esters, alkane, alkenes and heterocyclic compounds. The most prevalent component was aromatic compounds with 12.79% and ketones with 12.15%, while the pH of the oil obtained was 5, and the HHV was 19.5 MJ/kg. The pyrolysis productions could be promising raw materials for different applications after further processing.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: biomass; Albizia; microwave pyrolysis; bio-oil; biochar; biogas

Article Metrics:

  1. Abbas, A.S., 2016. Thermal and Catalytic Degradation Kinetics of High-Density Polyethylene Over NaX Nano-Zeolite Taguchi Experimental Design, Optimization and Kinetic Study of Biodiesel Production View project Optimization of the electro-Fenton process. View project 17, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2016.3.3
  2. Abbas, A.S.& Saber, M.G., 2018. Kinetics of Thermal Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene. Iraqi J. Chem. Pet. Eng. 19, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2018.1.2
  3. Abbas, A.S.& Shubar, S.D.A., 2008. Pyrolysis of High-density Polyethylene for the Production of Fuel-like Liquid Hydrocarbon. 23 Iraqi J. Chem. Pet. Eng. 9, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2008.1.4
  4. Abiodun Oluwatosin, A., Rukayat Oluwatobiloba, Q.& Olayide Samuel, L., 2022. Physicochemical Assess-ment, Pyrolysis and Thermal Characterization of Albizia Zygia Tree Sawdust. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 7, 91–99. https://www.opastpublishers.com/open-access-articles/physicochemical-assessment-pyrolysis-and-thermal-characterization-of-albizia-zygia-tree-sawdust.pdf
  5. Abnisa, F., Daud, W.M.A.W., Husin, W.N.W.& Sahu, J.N., 2011. Utilization possibilities of palm shell as a source of biomass energy in Malaysia by producing bio-oil in pyrolysis process. Biomass and Bioenergy 35, 1863–1872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.033
  6. Ahmed, M.J.& Theydan, S.K., 2014a. Fluoroquinolones antibiotics adsorption onto microporous activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass by microwave pyrolysis. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 45, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.05.014
  7. Ahmed, M.J.& Theydan, S.K., 2014b. Optimization of microwave preparation conditions for activated carbon from Albizia lebbeck seed pods for methylene blue dye adsorption. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 105, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.005
  8. Ahmed, M.J.& Theydan, S.K., 2013. Adsorption of p-chlorophenol onto microporous activated carbon from Albizia lebbeck seed pods by one-step microwave assisted activation. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 100, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.01.008
  9. Al-Kayiem, H.H.& Mohammad, S.T., 2019. Potential of renewable energy resources with an emphasis on solar power in Iraq: An outlook. Resources 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010042
  10. Al-Yaqoobi, A.M.& Al-Rikabey, M.N., 2023. Electrochemical Harvesting of Chlorella Sp.: Electrolyte Concentration and Interelectrode Distance. Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 29, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.2298 /CICEQ210815010A
  11. Al-Yaqoobi, A.M., Al-Rikabey, M.N.& Al-Mashhadani, M.K.H., 2021. Electrochemical harvesting of microalgae꞉ parametric and cost-effectivity comparative investigation. Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 27, 121–130. https://doi.org/ 10.2298/CICEQ191213031A
  12. Avargani, V.M., Zendehboudi, S., Saady, N.M.C.& Dusseault, M.B., 2022. A comprehensive review on hydrogen production and utilization in North America: Prospects and challenges. Energy Convers. Manag. 269, 115927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115927
  13. Bardalai, M.& Mahanta, D., 2015. A Review of Physical Properties of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil.International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 5(1),277-286. https://www.ijrer.org/ijrer/index.php/ijrer/article/view/1989
  14. Demirbas, A., 2004. Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 72, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.07.003
  15. Duran-Jimenez, G., Monti, T., Titman, J.J., Hernandez-Montoya, V., Kingman, S.W.& Binner, E.R., 2017. New insights into microwave pyrolysis of biomass: Preparation of carbon-based products from pecan nutshells and their application in wastewater treatment. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.02.013
  16. Foong, S.Y., Chan, Y.H., Lock, S.S.M., Chin, B.L.F., Yiin, C.L., Cheah, K.W., Loy, A.C.M., Yek, P.N.Y., Chong, W.W.F.& Lam, S.S., 2022. Microwave processing of oil palm wastes for bioenergy production and circular economy: Recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects. Bioresour. Technol. 128478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128478
  17. Gan, D.K.W., Chin, B.L.F., Loy, A.C.M., Yusup, S., Acda, M.N., Unrean, P., Rianawati, E., Jawad, Z.A.& Lee, R.J., 2018. An In-Situ Thermogravimetric Study of Pyrolysis of Rice Hull with Alkali Catalyst of CaCO 3, in: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/458/1/012085
  18. Greinert, A., Mrówczyńska, M.& Szefner, W., 2019. The use of waste biomass from the wood industry and municipal sources for energy production. Sustain. 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113083
  19. Haeldermans, T., Campion, L., Kuppens, T., Vanreppelen, K., Cuypers, A.& Schreurs, S., 2020. A comparative techno-economic assessment of biochar production from different residue streams using conventional and microwave pyrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124083
  20. Inguanzo, M., Domínguez, A., Menéndez, J.A., Blanco, C.G.& Pis, J.J., 2002. On the pyrolysis of sewage sludge: the influence of pyrolysis conditions on solid, liquid and gas fractions, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 63(1), 209—222; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00155-3
  21. Islam, M.N., Islam, M.N., Beg, M.R.A.& Islam, M.R., 2005. Pyrolytic oil from fixed bed pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and its characterization. Renew. Energy 30, 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.05.002
  22. Ismail, I.S., Othman, M.F.H., Rashidi, N.A.& Yusup, S., 2023. Recent progress on production technologies of food waste–based biochar and its fabrication method as electrode materials in energy storage application. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03763-3
  23. Yogalakshmi, K.N., Poornima, D.T., Sivashanmugam, p., ., Kavitha, s., Yukesh, K.R., Sunita, v., AdishKumar, S., Gopalakrishnan, k.& Rajesh, B.J., 2022. Lignocellulosic biomass-based pyrolysis: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131824
  24. Kadlimatti, H.M., Raj Mohan, B.& Saidutta, M.B., 2019. Bio-oil from microwave assisted pyrolysis of food waste-optimization using response surface methodology. Biomass and Bioenergy 123, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.014
  25. Khalid, A., Aslam, M., Qyyum, M.A., Faisal, A., Khan, A.L., Ahmed, F., Lee, M., Kim, J., Jang, N., Chang, I.S., Bazmi, A.A.& Yasin, M., 2019. Membrane separation processes for dehydration of bioethanol from fermentation broths: Recent developments, challenges, and prospects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 105,, 427-443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j .rser.2019.02.002
  26. Kim, J.S., 2015. Production, separation and applications of phenolic-rich bio-oil - A review. Bioresour. Technol. 178, 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.121
  27. Lyu, G., Wu, S.& Zhang, H., 2015. Estimation and comparison of bio-oil components from different pyrolysis conditions. Front. Energy Res. 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2015.00028
  28. Madhu, P., Stephen Livingston, T.& Manickam, I.N., 2017. Fixed bed pyrolysis of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus): Bio-oil production and characterization. Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 39, 1359–1368. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2017.1328623
  29. Fodah, A.E.M., Ghosal, M.K.& Behera, D., 2021. Bio-oil and biochar from microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of corn stover using sodium carbonate catalyst. J. Energy Inst. 94, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2020.09.008
  30. Makkawi, Y., El Sayed, Y., Salih, M., Nancarrow, P., Banks, S.& Bridgwater, T., 2019. Fast pyrolysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) waste in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Renew. Energy 143, 719–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.028
  31. Mateus, M.M., Bordado, J.M.& Galhano dos Santos, R., 2021. Estimation of higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oils from thermochemical liquefaction by linear correlation. Fuel 302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121149
  32. Mohamed, F.A.& Abbas, A.S., 2015. Production and Evaluation of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel from Thermal Pyrolysis of Virgin Polyethylene Plastics. Iraqi J. Chem. Pet. Eng. 16, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2015.1.3
  33. Mujtaba, M.A., Kalam, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Razzaq, L., Khan, H.M., Soudagar, M.E.M., Gul, M., Ahmed, W., Raju, V.D., Kumar, R.& Ong, H.C., 2021. Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends. Renew. Energy 179, 1447–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene. 2021.07 .121
  34. Nicoletti, G., Arcuri, N., Nicoletti, G. & Bruno, R., 2015. A technical and environmental comparison between hydrogen and some fossil fuels. Energy Convers. Manag. 89, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.en conman.2014.09.057
  35. Nishu, Liu, R., Rahman, M.M., Sarker, M., Chai, M., Li, C.& Cai, J., 2020. A review on the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for the bio-oil production with ZSM-5: Focus on structure. Fuel Process. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fuproc.2019.106301
  36. Nonhebel, S.& Kastner, T., 2011. Changing demand for food, livestock feed and biofuels in the past and in the near future. Livest. Sci. 139, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.021
  37. Porpatham, E., Ramesh, A.& Nagalingam, B., 2012. Effect of compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a biogas fuelled spark ignition engine. Fuel 95, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.059
  38. Prasad, L., Pradhan, S., Madankar, C.S., Das, L.M.& Naik, S.N., 2011. Comparative study of performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with jatropha and karanja biodiesel. J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India). 70, 694–698
  39. Sivaramakrishnan, K.& Ravikumar, P., 2011. Determination of Higher Heating Value of Biodiesels. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 3, 7981–7987
  40. Dhanalakshmi, C.S., Kaliappan, S., Ali, H.M., Sekar, S., Depoures, M.V., Patil, P.P., Subbaiah, B.S., Socrates, S.& Birhanu, H.A., 2022. Flash Pyrolysis Experiment on Albizia odoratissima Biomass under Different Operating Conditions: A Comparative Study on Bio-Oil, Biochar, and Noncondensable Gas Products. J. Chem. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9084029
  41. Dhanalakshmi, C.S.& Madhu, P., 2019. Utilization possibilities of Albizia amara as a source of biomass energy for bio-oil in pyrolysis process. Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. 41, 1908–1919. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1549168
  42. Suresh, A., Alagusundaram, A., Kumar, P.S., Vo, D.V.N., Christopher, F.C., Balaji, B., Viswanathan, V.& Sankar, S., 2021. Microwave pyrolysis of coal, biomass and plastic waste: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01245-4
  43. Vichaphund, S., Sricharoenchaikul, V.& Atong, D., 2019. Selective aromatic formation from catalytic fast pyrolysis of Jatropha residues using ZSM-5 prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.104628
  44. Wang, G., Fan, B., Chen, H.& Li, Y., 2020. Understanding the pyrolysis behavior of agriculture, forest and aquatic biomass: Products distribution and characterization. J. Energy Inst. 93, 1892–1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .joei.2020.04.004
  45. Zhang, J.& Zhang, X., 2019. The thermochemical conversion of biomass into biofuels, in: Biomass, Biopolymer-Based Materials, and Bioenergy: Construction, Biomedical, and Other Industrial Applications. Elsevier, pp. 327–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102426-3.00015-1

Last update:

  1. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass waste for production of high-quality biochar: Corn stover and hemp stem case studies

    M. Nazari, M.M. Aguilar, T. Ghislain, J.M. Lavoie. Biomass and Bioenergy, 187 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107302
  2. Production of biodiesel by using CaO nano-catalyst synthesis from mango leaves extraction

    Sarah Shakir Mahmood, Atheer Mohammed Al-Yaqoobi. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 13 (6), 2024. doi: 10.61435/ijred.2024.60469

Last update: 2024-11-20 08:43:30

No citation recorded.