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Potensi Chlorella sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. dari Areal Tambang Emas sebagai Mikroorganisme Potensial Pereduksi Merkuri
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.18.3.617-625
Abstract
Kawasan hutan maupun sungai-sungai di Kalimantan Tengah, telah terdampak akibat kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil (ilegal) selama puluhan tahun. Para penambang menggunakan merkuri sebagai bahan kimia utama dalam prosesekstraksi emas, dan setiap tahun melepaskan tidak kurang dari 1.000ton bahan berbahaya ini ke lingkungan, baik udara maupun air. Pencemaran merkuri di lingkungan perairan, dapat dikurangi atau dihilangkan dengan menggunakan sekelompok mikroorganisme yang mampu untuk mereduksi merkuri yang disebut dengan bioremediasi. Metode bioremediasi lebih ekonomis, karena mikroorganisme memiliki kemampuan untuk mendegradasi kontaminan ke dalam bentuk yang tidak berbahaya. Bakteri dan alga yang hidup di perairan sekitar tambang emas diduga memiliki kemampuan resistensi terhadap kontaminan logam berat merkuri. Sampel bakteri dan alga yang diambil dari sekitar tambang diseleksi dengan perlakuan merkuri (Hg) untuk mengetahui potensinya sebagai bioremediator logam berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Eksplorasi dan Optimasi Mikroorganisme Potensial untuk Bioremediasi Merkuri dari Areal Tambang Emas di Sungai Kahayan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di 5 titik yang teridiri 3 titik di areal tambang (T1, T2, T3), 1 titik di hulu tambang (HU), dan 1 titik di hilir tambang (HI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) mikroalga potensial bioremediasi merkuri dari areal tambang emas sungai Kahayan termasuk ke dalam genus Chlorella dan mampu bertahan dengan perlakuan konsentrasi Hg sampai 7 ppm; dan (2) bakteri potensial bioremediasi merkuri dari areal tambang emas sungai Kahayan mampu bertahan dengan perlakuan konsentrasi Hg sampai 13 ppm yang terdiri dari 3 isolat, yakni I1 (bakteri dari sampel air), I2 (bakteri dari sampel air), dan I3 (bakteri dari sampel sedimen). Ketiga isolat bakteri potensial termasuk ke dalam kelompok bakteri Gram Negatif. Isolat 1 dan isolat 3 merupakan spesies Pseudomonas sp. berdasarkan kemampuannya menghasilkan pigmen berwarna kuning pada media cair.
ABSTRACT
Forest areas and rivers in Central Kalimantan have been affected by small-scale (illegal) gold mining activities for decades. Miners use mercury as the main chemical in the gold extraction process, and annually release no less than 1,000 tons of this hazardous material into the environment, both air and water. Mercury pollution in aquatic environments can be reduced or eliminated by using a group of microorganisms capable of reducing mercury known as bioremediation. The bioremediation method is more economical, because microorganisms have the ability to degrade contaminants into harmless forms. Bacteria and algae that live in the waters around the gold mine are thought to have the ability to resist mercury heavy metal contaminants. Bacteria and algae samples taken from around the mine were selected with mercury (Hg) treatment to determine their potential as a heavy metal bioremediator. This research aims to explore and optimize potential microorganisms for bioremediation of mercury from the gold mine area in the Kahayan River. Sampling was carried out at 5 points consisting of 3 points in the mine area (T1, T2, T3), 1 point upstream of the mine (HU), and 1 point downstream of the mine (HI). The results showed: (1) the potential microalgae bioremediation of mercury from the gold mining area of the Kahayan River was included in the Chlorella genus and was able to survive the treatment of Hg concentrations up to 7 ppm; and (2) potential mercury bioremediation bacteria from the gold mining area of the Kahayan River were able to survive with a treatment of up to 13 ppm Hg concentrations consisting of 3 isolates, namely I1 (bacteria from water samples), I2 (bacteria from water samples), and I3 (bacteria from sediment samples). The three potential bacterial isolates belong to the Gram negative bacteria group. Isolate 1 and isolate 3 are Pseudomonas sp. species based on their ability to produce yellow pigment in liquid media.
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