DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.26.6.224-229

Isolation, Identification, and Antibacterial Testing of Essential Oil from Green Betel Leaf (Piper Betle L.) Using Well Diffusion Method

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

Received: 7 Feb 2023; Revised: 17 Aug 2023; Accepted: 22 Aug 2023; Published: 30 Sep 2023.
Open Access Copyright 2023 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

Green betel leaves have been traditionally employed within communities for various medicinal purposes, owing to their rich composition. These leaves are endowed with secondary metabolites encompassing flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and essential oils. Notably, the essential oils within green betel leaves possess a spectrum of biological properties, including antioxidant, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-Alzheimer's, and anti-carcinogenic activities. In this study, the essential oil from green betel leaf collected from Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia, was isolated using water-steam distillation. The components of this isolate were identified using GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (S. epidermidis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the well-diffusion method at various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100%). Chloramphenicol served as the positive control, while a solution of Tween 20 in distilled water used as the negative control. The essential oil derived from green betel leaves exhibited a brownish-yellow color, possessed a distinctive betel aroma, and had a concentration of 0.21% v/w, a refractive index of 1.5001, and a specific gravity of 0.961 g/mL. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 44 components, with the five most abundant constituents being acetyl chavicol (20.65%), germacrene- D (11.55%), eugenol (8.94%), trans-caryophyllene (7.92%), and chavicol (5.74%). Regarding antibacterial activity, the isolate demonstrated strong activity against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 at a concentration of 75%, yielding an inhibition zone diameter of 12.33 mm. Similarly, it exhibited strong activity against E. coli at a concentration of 90%, resulting in an inhibition zone diameter of 12.67 mm.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Green Betel Leaves; Essential Oils; Antibacterial; S. epidermidis; E. coli
Funding: Diponegoro University under contract No.21.E/UN7.F8/PP/II/2023

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
The Synthesis and Characterization of Pahae Natural Zeolite-Coal Bottom Ash Adsorbent for Fe and Mn Purifier in Well Water Isolation, Structure Determination, and Cytotoxic Activity of Steroid Compound from The Stem Bark of Aglaia cucullata (Meliaceae) Synthesis of Carbon Dot Nanoparticles (C-Dot) from Seeds and Seedpods of Kesumba Keling (Bixa orellana) using Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods More recent articles
Most cited articles
Pengaruh Penambahan Surfaktan Hexadecyltrimethyl-Ammonium (HDTMA) pada Zeolit Alam Terdealuminasi terhadap Kemampuan Mengadsorpsi Fenol Biolubrication Synthesis Made from Used Cooking Oil and Bayah Natural Zeolite Catalyst Dealuminasi Zeolit Alam Cipatujah Melalui Penambahan Asam dan Oksidator Ekstraksi dan Uji Kestabilan Zat Warna Betasianin dari Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus) serta Aplikasinya sebagai Pewarna Alami Pangan Pengaruh Serbuk Kaca dan Variasi Suhu Pembakaran pada Pembuatan Genteng Lempung Sedimentasi Banjir Kanal Timur Kota Semarang terhadap Kuat Tekan serta Daya Serapnya terhadap Air More cited articles
  1. Alphonse De Candolle, Origin of cultivated plants, D. Appleton, 1885,
  2. Rabiatul Adawiyah Umar, Nurul 'Adani Sanusi, Mohd Nizam Zahary, Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin, Salwani Ismail, Chemical composition and the potential biological activities of Piper betel–a Review, Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 3, 1, (2018), 1-8
  3. Swagata Karak, Plaban Bhattacharya, Ashis Nandy, Achintya Saha, Bratati De, Metabolite profiling and chemometric study for varietal difference in Piper betle L. leaf, Current Metabolomics, 4, 2, (2016), 129-140 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213235X04666160216224035
  4. Departemen Kesehatan RI, Materia Medika Indonesia, IV ed., Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 1980,
  5. Lin Lin, Yulin Zhu, Baskar Thangaraj, Mohamed A. S. Abdel-Samie, Haiying Cui, Improving the stability of thyme essential oil solid liposome by using β-cyclodextrin as a cryoprotectant, Carbohydrate Polymers, 188, (2018), 243-251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.010
  6. F. A. Ramadhani, Kandungan Antibakterial dalam Daun Sirih, UNEJ Jurnal, (2013), 1-3
  7. P. Guha, Extraction of Essential Oil: An Appropriate Rural Technology for Minimizing Wastage of Surplus Betel Leaves, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 38, 4, (2007),
  8. P. Guha, Betel Leaf: The Neglected Green Gold of India, Journal of Human Ecology, 19, 2, (2006), 87-93 https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2006.11905861
  9. Meghal A. Desai, Jigisha Parikh, Extraction of essential oil from leaves of lemongrass using microwave radiation: optimization, comparative, kinetic, and biological studies, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 3, 3, (2015), 421-431 https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500562a
  10. Bratati De, Mamita Debnath, Susmita Das, Shovonlal Bhowmick, Swagata Karak, Achintya Saha, Anti-Alzheimer’s Potential of Different Varieties of Piper betle Leaves and Molecular Docking Analyses of Metabolites, Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 11, 1, (2021), 13-18 https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2021.1.3
  11. Pallavi S. Adate, S. Parmesawaran, Yamani Chauhan, In vitro anthelmintic activity of stem extracts of Piper betle Linn against Pheritima posthuma, Pharmacognosy Journal, 4, 29, (2012), 61-65 https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2012.29.10
  12. Miral R. Thakker, Jigisha K. Parikh, Meghal A. Desai, Ultrasound assisted hydrotropic extraction: a greener approach for the isolation of geraniol from the leaves of Cymbopogon martinii, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6, 3, (2018), 3215-3224 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03374
  13. R. O. Okojie, V. O. Omorokpe, A survey on urinary tract infection associated with two most common uropathogenic bacteria, African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 19, 3, (2018), https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v19i3.3
  14. Sharon Kleinschmidt, Flavia Huygens, Joan Faoagali, Irani U. Rathnayake, Louise M. Hafner, Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of bacteremia, Future Microbiology, 10, 11, (2015), 1859-1879 https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.98
  15. Gordon Y. C. Cheung, Michael Otto, Understanding the significance of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia in babies and children, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 23, 3, (2010), 208-216 https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328337fecb
  16. Matthew A. Croxen, B. Brett Finlay, Molecular mechanisms of E. coli pathogenicity, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, (2010), 26-38 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2265
  17. Ni Made Dwi Mara Widyani Nayaka, Maria Malida Vernandes Sasadara, Dwi Arymbhi Sanjaya, Putu Era Sandhi Kusuma Yuda, Ni Luh Kade Arman Anita Dewi, Erna Cahyaningsih, Rika Hartati, Piper betle (L): Recent review of antibacterial and antifungal properties, safety profiles, and commercial applications, Molecules, 26, 8, (2021), 2321 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082321
  18. Mounyr Balouiri, Moulay Sadiki, Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda, Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review, Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6, 2, (2016), 71-79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
  19. Ze-Hua Cui, Hui-Ling He, Shuai-Bin Wu, Chun-Liu Dong, Si-Ya Lu, Ti-Jiang Shan, Liang-Xing Fang, Xiao-Ping Liao, Ya-Hong Liu, Jian Sun, Rapid screening of essential oils as substances which enhance antibiotic activity using a modified well diffusion method, Antibiotics, 10, 4, (2021), 463 https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040463
  20. Engrid Juni Astuti, Sovia Aprina Basuki, Aris Sabrian, Ferawati Fajriyah, Steam and Water Distillation of Piper Betle, Ocimum Basilicum, Cymbopogon Winterianus, and Citrus Hystrix Leaves for Activity of Insect Repellent against Mosquito, Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2017), 2017 https://doi.org/10.2991/hsic-17.2017.38
  21. Amrollah Nabigol, Hosein Morshedi, Evaluation of the antifungal activity of the Iranian thyme essential oils on the postharvest pathogens of strawberry fruits, African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 48, (2011), 9864-9869 https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.2018
  22. C. A. Simpson, I. Geornaras, Y. Yoon, J. A. Scanga, P. A. Kendall, J. N. Sofos, D. Biologicals, McFarland Standard, Journal of Food Protection, 71, 3, (2014), 2
  23. Arnab Roy, Proshanta Guha, Formulation and characterization of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) essential oil based nanoemulsion and its in vitro antibacterial efficacy against selected food pathogens, Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 42, 6, (2018), e13617 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13617
  24. Jumna Yoonus, R. Resmi, B. Beena, Greener nanoscience: Piper betel leaf extract mediated synthesis of CaO nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial and anticancer activity, Materials Today: Proceedings, 41, (2021), 535-540 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.246
  25. Hernandi Sujono, Samsu Rizal, Sari Purbaya, Jasmansyah Jasmansyah, Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Jurnal Kartika Kimia, 2, 1, (2019), 30-36 https://doi.org/10.26874/jkk.v2i1.27
  26. Badan Standarisasi Nasional, in, Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Jakarta, 2014,
  27. Mitali Madhumita, Proshanta Guha, Ahindra Nag, Extraction of betel leaves (Piper betle L.) essential oil and its bio-actives identification: Process optimization, GC-MS analysis and anti-microbial activity, Industrial Crops and Products, 138, (2019), 111578 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111578
  28. Gusmalini, Minyak Atsiri, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian IPB, Bogor, 1987,
  29. Shahram Sharafzadeh, Morteza Khosh-Khui, Katayoon Javidnia, Effect of nutrients on essential oil components, pigments and total phenolic content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), Advances in Environmental Biology, 5, 4, (2011), 639-646
  30. Dante Alighiri, Edy Cahyono, Willy Tirza Eden, Ersanghono Kusuma, Kasmadi Imam Supardi, Study on the Improvement of Essential Oil Quality and Its Repellent Activity of Betel Leaves Oil (Piper betle L.) from Indonesia, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 34, 6, (2018), 2913 http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340631
  31. Ernest Guenther, The Essential Oils - Vol 1: History - Origin in Plants - Production - Analysis, 1949,
  32. Ebimieowei Etebu, Ibemologi Arikekpar, Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on molecular perspectives, International Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 4, 2016, (2016), 90-101
  33. Thomas J. Silhavy, Daniel Kahne, Suzanne Walker, The Bacterial Cell Envelope, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2, 5, (2010), a000414 https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
  34. W. W. Davis, T. R. Stout, Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay: I. Factors influencing variability and error, Applied Microbiology, 22, 4, (1971), 659-665 https://doi.org/10.1128/am.22.4.659-665.1971
  35. Z. Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, A. Gurib-Fakim, F. Mahomoodally, Antimicrobial, antibiotic potentiating activity and phytochemical profile of essential oils from exotic and endemic medicinal plants of Mauritius, Industrial Crops and Products, 71, (2015), 197-204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.058
  36. N. S. Rupilu, Y. F. Lamapaha, Potensi lengkuas sebagai antimikroba (studi in vitro pada bakteri gram negatif), Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 2008
  37. David L. Nelson, Albert L. Lehninger, Michael M. Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed., W. H. Freeman Macmillan, New York, 2008,
  38. I. W. G. Gunawan, I. G. A. G. Bawa, N. L. Sutrisnayanti, Isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa terpenoid yang aktif antibakteri pada herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn), Jurnal Kimia, 2, 1, (2008), 31-39

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-22 22:00:37

No citation recorded.