DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.27.2.91-100

Production, Quality Test, and Activity Evaluation of Methanol Extract and Nanoparticles from Pluchea indica (L.) Leaves as Additives in Natural Soap against Propionibacterium acnes

Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia

Received: 22 Jan 2024; Revised: 15 Mar 2024; Accepted: 15 Mar 2024; Published: 20 Mar 2024.
Open Access Copyright 2024 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract
Pluchea indica (L.) leaves, both in the form of extracts and silver nanoparticles, are known to exhibit antibacterial activity, but they have not been widely utilized in the health sector, especially in dermatology. This study aims to determine the quality test and antibacterial evaluation of natural soap formulated with methanol extract and nanoparticles of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves against Propionibacterium acnes. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using the reduction method, with AgNO3 as a precursor and methanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves serving as a reducing agent or bioreductor. Natural soap was produced through the cold process method, with a curing period of 3 to 4 weeks. Natural soap, derived from herbal ingredients, was made by combining NaOH, essential oils, and additives such as methanol extract and silver nanoparticles from Pluchea indica (L.) leaves. Quality tests were performed to assess moisture content (MC), fatty acid content, and pH levels. Antibacterial activity was assessed utilizing the well-diffusion method, with various sample concentrations ranging from 1.0 g/mL to 0.0625 g/mL. The quality test results for all soap samples met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements for acidity, free fatty acids, and moisture content. The bar soap without additives exhibited antibacterial activity, with a maximum inhibition zone of 14.26 mm (at 0.25 g/mL) after 15 hours. Natural soap with methanol extract of Pluchea indica (L.) leaf demonstrated an inhibition zone of 11.49 mm (at 0.0625 g/mL) after 15 hours, while nanoparticle soap exhibited an inhibition zone of 12.77 mm (at 0.25 g/mL) after 12 hours. In summary, all soap samples showed antibacterial activity, indicating the potential of Pluchea indica (L.) leaves as effective antibacterial agents.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Natural soap; Propionibacterium acnes; Pluchea indica (L.) leaves; AgNPs

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Silver Recovery from E-Waste Printed Circuit Board Using Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvents Smart and Green Packaging Made from Chitosan-based Biofilm with the Addition of Ginger Oil and Anthocyanins from Butterfly Pea Flower Extract (Clitoria Ternatea L) Metabolite Formation of Pesticide Isoprocarb in Coffee Beans During Short-Term Storage and Condition More recent articles
Most cited articles
Pengaruh Keasaman Medium dan Imobilisasi Gugus Organik pada Karakter Silika Gel dari Abu Sekam Padi Activity of Actinomycetes Isolated from Mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap toward Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Pengaruh Penambahan Surfaktan Hexadecyltrimethyl-Ammonium (HDTMA) pada Zeolit Alam Terdealuminasi terhadap Kemampuan Mengadsorpsi Fenol Chitosan succinate/PVA-PEG Membrane: Preparation, Characterization and Permeation Ability Test on Creatinine Sintesis Silika Kristalin Menggunakan Surfaktan Cetiltrimetilamonium Bromida (CTAB) dan Trimetilamonium Klorida (TMACl) sebagai Pencetak Pori More cited articles
  1. Tri Esti Kurniawati, Masnur Turnip, Irwan Lovadi, Kajian Pemanfaatan Buah Edibel Suku Dayak Banyadu Di Hutan Tembawang Desa Setia Jaya Kecamatan Teriak Kabupaten Bengkayang, Protobiont, 4, 1, (2015),
  2. Sayed A. Ahemd, Emadeldin M. Kamel, Phenolic constituents and biological activity of the genus Pluchea, Der Pharma Chemica, 5, 5, (2013), 109-114
  3. Bambang Irawan Hoerudin, Prospek nanoteknologi dalam membangun ketahanan pangan, in: Pembangunan Pertanian Berbasis Ekoregion, IAARD Press, Jakarta, 2015,
  4. Buddolla Viswanath, Sanghyo Kim, Kiyoung Lee, Recent insights into nanotechnology development for detection and treatment of colorectal cancer, International journal of nanomedicine, 11, (2016), 2491-2504 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S108715
  5. Andi Lana Prasetiowati, Agung Tri Prasetya, Sri Wardani, Sintesis nanopartikel perak dengan bioreduktor ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) uji aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri, Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 7, 2, (2018), 160-166
  6. Munish Kumar, Kavita Bansal, Vijay S. Gondil, Samrita Sharma, D. V. S. Jain, Sanjay Chhibber, Rohit K. Sharma, Nishima Wangoo, Synthesis, characterization, mechanistic studies and antimicrobial efficacy of biomolecule capped and pH modulated silver nanoparticles, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 249, (2018), 1145-1150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.143
  7. Rattanakorn Chiangnoon, Weerasak Samee, Pimpon Uttayarat, Wullapa Jittachai, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Sarana Rose Sommano, Sirivan Athikomkulchai, Chuda Chittasupho, Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Activity of Pluchea indica L. (Less) Branch Extract Nanoparticles, Molecules, 27, 3, (2022), 635 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030635
  8. S. Handayani, S. Matsjeh, C. Anwar, S. Atun, Synthesis and activity test as antioxidant of two hydroxydibenzalacetones, PACCON2010 (Pure and Applied Chemistry International Conference), Thailand, 2010
  9. Anggita Rahmi Hafsari, Tri Cahyanto, Toni Sujarwo, Rahayu Indri Lestari, Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun beluntas (Pluchea indica (l.) less.) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes penyebab jerawat, Jurnal Istek, 9, 1, (2015), 141-161
  10. Fatimah Fatimah, Abdul Wahid Wahab, Abdul Karim, Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Beluntas Leaf (Pluchea Indica L.) Extract, Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta), 12, 1, (2019), 7-12 https://doi.org/10.20956/ica.v12i1.5757
  11. Marwali Harahap, Ilmu penyakit kulit, Hipokrates, Jakarta, 2000,
  12. Roslizawaty, Nita Yulida Ramadani, Fakhrurrazi, Herrialfian, Aktivitas antibakterial ekstrak etanol dan rebusan sarang semut (Myrmecodia sp.) terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli, Jurnal Medika Veterinaria, 7, 2, (2013), 91-94
  13. Andi Nurpati Panaungi, Hasma Hasma, Indriana Boroallo, Pembuatan Sabun Padat dari Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Pare (Momordica Charantia L) sebagai Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode Cold Process, Borneo Journal of Pharmascientech, 6, 1, (2022), 38-48 https://doi.org/10.51817/bjp.v6i1.443
  14. Stefanie A. Dimpudus, Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cair Antiseptik Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina L.) dan Uji Efektivitasnya Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro, Pharmacon, 6, 3, (2017), 208-215
  15. J.E. McMurry, Organic Chemistry, Cengage Learning, 2015,
  16. Delfitriani Delfitriani, Fina Uzwatania, Gandung Wibatsu, Perancangan Model Bisnis dengan Pendekatan Social Enterprises Sabun Cair Pencuci Tangan dengan Minyak Biji Mimba dan Minyak Atsiri Sereh, Jurnal Agroindustri Halal, 8, 2, (2022), 278-286 https://doi.org/10.30997/jah.v8i2.4590
  17. Ainiyah Roisatul, Utami Cahyaning Rini, Formulasi sabun karika (Carica pubescens) sebagai sabun kecantikan dan kesehatan, AGROMIX, 11, 1, (2020), 9-20 https://doi.org/10.35891/agx.v11i1.1652
  18. Sri Handayani, Aris Tiana Anjali, Formulasi, Uji kualitas Dan Uji Organoleptik Sabun Mandi Padat Menggunakan Bahan Aditif Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.), Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 17, 2, (2020), 83-93 https://doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v17i2.798
  19. Shafira Ananda Djakaria, Irmanida Batubara, Rika Raffiudin, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Indonesian Honey against Bacteria of Acne, Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 23, 8, (2020), 267-275 https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.8.267-275
  20. Islan Nor, Siti Rahmita, Siti Nashihah, Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis: Antibacterial Potential of Beluntas Leaf (Pluchea Indica L.) Ethanol Extract Against Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria, Medical Sains: Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 7, 4, (2022), 725-734 https://doi.org/10.37874/ms.v7i4.469
  21. Jeffrey Barry Harborne, Metode fitokimia: Penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan, Penerbit ITB, Bandung, 1987,
  22. Vegisari, Suparno, Tiara Delvika Rany, Pengaruh Konsentrasi Nanopartikel Perak Ionik Terhadap Daya Hambat Bakteri Lactobacillus casei dan pH Susu, Jurnal Bioteknologi dan Biosains Indonesia, 6, 2, (2019), 269-279 https://doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v6i2.3506
  23. Sri Wahyuni, Rissa Laila Vifta, Agitya Resti Erwiyani, Kajian Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans, Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia, 3, 1, (2018), 25-30 http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/inteka.v3i1.2122
  24. Susanty Susanty, Fairus Bachmid, Perbandingan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan refluks terhadap kadar fenolik dari ekstrak tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.), Jurnal Konversi, 5, 2, (2016), 87-92 https://doi.org/10.24853/konversi.5.2.87-92
  25. Ramlah Ramlah, Marcia Bunga Pabendon, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Local food diversification of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) cultivars in West Sulawesi, Indonesia: A case study of diversity and local culture, Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21, 1, (2020), 67-73 https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210110
  26. E. Rohaeti, Senam, Development of antibacterial cotton fibers by application nanoparticle produced by mangosteen rind, RASĀYAN Journal of Chemistry, 14, 1, (2021), 382-388
  27. Is Fatimah, Habibi Hidayat, Bambang Hernawan Nugroho, Saddam Husein, Ultrasound-assisted biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea flower, South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 34, (2020), 97-106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.06.007
  28. Yalkhin Masakke, Sulfikar, Muhaedah Rasyid, Biosintesis partikel-nano perak menggunakan ekstrak metanol daun manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.), Sainsmat: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 4, 1, (2015), 28-41
  29. Paulina Taba, Nadya Yuli Parmitha, Syahruddin Kasim, Sintesis nanopartikel perak menggunakan ekstrak daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) sebagai bioreduktor dan uji aktivitasnya sebagai antioksidan, Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research, 7, 1, (2019), 51-60 https://doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2019.7-ptb
  30. G. F. Brooks, K. C. Carroll, J. S. Butel, S. A. Morse, T. A. Mietzner, Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 23 ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010,
  31. W. W. Davis, T. R. Stout, Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay: I. Factors influencing variability and error, Applied Microbiology, 22, 4, (1971), 659-665 https://doi.org/10.1128/am.22.4.659-665.1971
  32. G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke, C. L. Case, Microbiology: An Introduction, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, 2010,
  33. Nening Listari, Dini Yuliansari, Nurhidayatullah, Proses Pembuatan dan Pengujian Mutu Fisik Sabun Padat Dari Minyak Jelantah Dengan Ekstrak Daun Kelor, Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 8, 1, (2022), http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i1.2725
  34. Indonesian National Standard, Sabun mandi padat, SNI 3532:2021, 2021
  35. Fatridha Yansen, Vilma Humaira, Uji Mutu Sediaan Sabun Padat dari Ekstrak Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera), Jurnal Kesehatan Perintis, 9, 2, (2022), 82-88 https://doi.org/10.33653/jkp.v9i2.883
  36. Sri Handayani, Indyah Sulistyo Arty, Cornelia Budimarwanti, Karim Theresih, Evy Yulianti, Melati Khairuddean, Preparation and antimicrobial activity analysis of organic soap Bar containing Gnetum gnemon Peel extract, Molekul, 16, 3, (2021), 226-234 http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.800
  37. Azwar Agoes, Tanaman obat indonesia, 1st ed., Salemba Medika, Jakarta, 2010,
  38. Syf. Octy Novy Fissy, Rafika Sari, Liza Pratiwi, Effectiveness of Anti Acne Gel Containing Ginger Ethanol Extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.Var. Rubrum) against Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 12, 2, (2014), 194-201
  39. Xiaoyu Chen, Yajun Lu, Mengyuan Shan, Hongyuan Zhao, Zhaoxin Lu, Yingjian Lu, A mini-review: mechanism of antimicrobial action and application of surfactin, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 38, 8, (2022), 143 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03323-3
  40. Andi Ulfah Magefirah Rasyid, Zahira Amody, Pengujian efektifitas formula gel ekstrak daun beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) Less) dengan variasi konsentrasi gelling agent sebagai kandidat sediaan anti jerawat, Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 6, 2, (2020), 312-322 https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v6i2.393
  41. Hélène Omer, Andrew McDowell, Oleg A. Alexeyev, Understanding the role of Propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris: The critical importance of skin sampling methodologies, Clinics in Dermatology, 35, 2, (2017), 118-129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.003
  42. Gianluigi Franci, Annarita Falanga, Stefania Galdiero, Luciana Palomba, Mahendra Rai, Giancarlo Morelli, Massimiliano Galdiero, Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antibacterial Agents, Molecules, 20, 5, (2015), 8856-8874 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058856
  43. Michael A. Kohanski, Daniel J. Dwyer, James J. Collins, How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, 6, (2010), 423-435 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2333

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-19 19:21:07

No citation recorded.