DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.27.9.456-463

Fabrication of Coconut Shell-Derived Graphitic Activated Carbon for Carbon-based Electrode Materials

1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH., Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

2Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, BJ Habibie Building 720, Science and Technology Area, Setu, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia

Received: 28 Jul 2024; Revised: 20 Sep 2024; Accepted: 27 Sep 2024; Published: 30 Sep 2024.
Open Access Copyright 2024 Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

This study aims to convert low-value plantation biomass waste into high-value materials. The process involves transforming coconut shell charcoal (CSC) into activated carbon and subsequently producing coconut shell graphitic-like activated carbon (CSGAC). Using a thermal graphitization method with a FeCl3 catalyst at 900°C for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, graphite microstructures (CSGAC) were formed on the coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) framework. XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses confirmed the successful formation of CSGAC. The electrical conductivity of CSGAC, measured at 148 µS, highlights its potential as a cost-effective, renewable, and environmentally friendly raw material for carbon-based electrodes.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Coconut shell charcoal; electrode raw material; activated carbon; graphite microstructure
Funding: ORNM Program of National Research and Innovation Agency under contract No. 2059/HK.01.00/4/2023

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Synthesis of Sulfonated Chitosan as An Active Agent of Antibacterial Packaging for Fish Fillets Fabrication of Coconut Shell-Derived Graphitic Activated Carbon for Carbon-based Electrode Materials Extraction and Characterization of Silicon Dioxide from Coal Fly Ash as Counter Electrode Material in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) More recent articles
Most cited articles
Modifikasi Zeolit Alam dengan Ligan EDTA untuk Adsorpsi Ion Logam Pb2+ dan Cd2+ Studi Pendahuluan tentang Enkapsulasi Vitamin C dalam Liposom Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) Ekstraksi dan Uji Kestabilan Zat Warna Betasianin dari Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus) serta Aplikasinya sebagai Pewarna Alami Pangan Dealuminasi Zeolit Alam Cipatujah Melalui Penambahan Asam dan Oksidator Lempung Terpilar Silika untuk Penghilangan Fenol dalam Air More cited articles
  1. Jiang Deng, Mingming Li, Yong Wang, Biomass-derived carbon: synthesis and applications in energy storage and conversion, Green Chemistry, 18, 18, (2016), 4824-4854 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc01172a
  2. Lili Gai, Jianbin Li, Qi Wang, Run Tian, Kai Li, Evolution of biomass to porous graphite carbon by catalytic graphitization, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9, 6, (2021), 106678 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106678
  3. Prashant Dubey, Vishal Shrivastav, Priyanka H. Maheshwari, Shashank Sundriyal, Recent advances in biomass derived activated carbon electrodes for hybrid electrochemical capacitor applications: Challenges and opportunities, Carbon, 170, (2020), 1-29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.07.056
  4. Marcela Paredes-Laverde, Maurin Salamanca, Javier Silva-Agredo, Lis Manrique-Losada, Ricardo A. Torres-Palma, Selective removal of acetaminophen in urine with activated carbons from rice (Oryza sativa) and coffee (Coffea arabica) husk: Effect of activating agent, activation temperature and analysis of physical-chemical interactions, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7, 5, (2019), 103318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103318
  5. Le Thanh Nguyen Huynh, Thi Nam Pham, Thai Hoang Nguyen, Viet Hai Le, Thi Thom Nguyen, Thi Diem Kieu Nguyen, Thanh Nhut Tran, Pham Anh Vu Ho, Thanh Thien Co, Thi Thu Trang Nguyen, Thi Kieu Anh Vo, Trung Huy Nguyen, Thi Thu Vu, Viet Mui Luong, Hiroshi Uyama, Gia Vu Pham, Thai Hoang, Dai Lam Tran, Coconut shell-derived activated carbon and carbon nanotubes composite: a promising candidate for capacitive deionization electrode, Synthetic Metals, 265, (2020), 116415 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116415
  6. Daisuke Higai, Zhebin Huang, Eika W. Qian, Preparation and surface characteristics of phosphoric acid-activated carbon from coconut shell in air, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 40, 2, (2021), e13509 https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13509
  7. K. Malini, D. Selvakumar, N. S. Kumar, Activated carbon from biomass: Preparation, factors improving basicity and surface properties for enhanced CO2 capture capacity – A review, Journal of CO2 Utilization, 67, (2023), 102318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102318
  8. Rabi Kabir Ahmad, Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman, Suzana Yusup, Sharul Sham Dol, Muddasser Inayat, Hadiza Aminu Umar, Exploring the potential of coconut shell biomass for charcoal production, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13, 1, (2022), 101499 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.05.013
  9. Zhihua Deng, Shixian Sun, Huijuan Li, Duo Pan, Rahul Rangrao Patil, Zhanhu Guo, Ilwoo Seok, Modification of coconut shell-based activated carbon and purification of wastewater, Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 4, (2021), 65-73 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00205-4
  10. Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Usman Bala Soja, Abdulhameed Danjuma Mambo, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Gasim Hayder, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Umaru, Adsorption of Abattoir Wastewater Contaminants by Coconut Shell-Activated Carbon, Sustainability Challenges and Delivering Practical Engineering Solutions, Cham, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26580-8_22
  11. Hatice Karaer Yağmur, İsmet Kaya, Synthesis and characterization of magnetic ZnCl2-activated carbon produced from coconut shell for the adsorption of methylene blue, Journal of Molecular Structure, 1232, (2021), 130071 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130071
  12. Shweta J. Malode, Mahesh M. Shanbhag, Rohini Kumari, Daphika S. Dkhar, Pranjal Chandra, Nagaraj P. Shetti, Biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials for sensor applications, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 222, (2023), 115102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115102
  13. Seyedehmaryam Moosavi, Chin Wei Lai, Sinyee Gan, Golnoush Zamiri, Omid Akbarzadeh Pivehzhani, Mohd Rafie Johan, Application of Efficient Magnetic Particles and Activated Carbon for Dye Removal from Wastewater, ACS Omega, 5, 33, (2020), 20684-20697 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01905
  14. Xiuli Li, Mingyang Gu, Feng Zhang, Qingwang Min, Lifeng Chen, Effects of raw materials on the structures of three dimensional graphene/amorphous carbon composites derived from biomass resources, Research on Chemical Intermediates, 45, 3, (2019), 1131-1145 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3669-5
  15. Aris Mukimin, Rustiana Yuliasni, Nur Zen, Kukuh Wicaksono, Januar Arif Fatkhurahman, Hanny Vistanty, Rizal Awaludin Malik, Synthesis of Graphite Porous Electrode Based on Coconut Shell as a Potential Cathode in Bioelectrosyntesis Cell, Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 19, 2, (2019), 413-421 https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.37550
  16. Azrine Ajien, Juferi Idris, Nurzawani Md Sofwan, Rafidah Husen, Hazman Seli, Coconut shell and husk biochar: A review of production and activation technology, economic, financial aspect and application, Waste Management & Research, 41, 1, (2023), 37-51 https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x221127167
  17. Radosław Tarkowski, Barbara Uliasz-Misiak, Piotr Tarkowski, Storage of hydrogen, natural gas, and carbon dioxide – Geological and legal conditions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46, 38, (2021), 20010-20022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.131
  18. Suresh Sagadevan, Thivyah Balakrishnan, Md Zillur Rahman, Tetsuo Soga, Hyacinthe Randriamahazaka, Babak Kakavandi, Mohd Rafie Johan, Agricultural biomass-based activated carbons for efficient and sustainable supercapacitors, Journal of Energy Storage, 97, (2024), 112878 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.112878
  19. Chuan Yuan, Hao Xu, Sherif A. El-khodary, Guosong Ni, Sivakumar Esakkimuthu, Shan Zhong, Shuang Wang, Recent advances and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors: A review, Fuel, 362, (2024), 130795 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130795
  20. Tilahun Temesgen, Eneyew Tilahun Bekele, Bedasa Abdisa Gonfa, Lemma Teshome Tufa, Fedlu Kedir Sabir, Sisay Tadesse, Yilkal Dessie, Advancements in biomass derived porous carbon materials and their surface influence effect on electrode electrochemical performance for sustainable supercapacitors: A review, Journal of Energy Storage, 73, (2023), 109293 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109293
  21. Kalu Samuel Ukanwa, Kumar Patchigolla, Ruben Sakrabani, Edward Anthony, Sachin Mandavgane, A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass, Sustainability, 11, 22, (2019), 6204 https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226204
  22. Xiaohua Zhang, Ruyun Han, Yanzhen Liu, Hengxiang Li, Wenjing Shi, Xiaoyan Yan, Xinxin Zhao, Yongfeng Li, Baosheng Liu, Porous and graphitic structure optimization of biomass-based carbon materials from 0D to 3D for supercapacitors: A review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 460, (2023), 141607 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141607
  23. Badreddine Belhamdi, Hamza Laksaci, Chemseddine Belabed, Zoulikha Merzougui, Salim Boudiaf, Rachid Tir, Mohamed Trari, Synthesis of highly porous activated carbon derived from kernel oil treatment by-products of Argania Spinosa as a recyclable adsorbent for amoxicillin removal from real wastewater, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13, 3, (2023), 2135-2149 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01380-6
  24. Nguyen Van Hung, Bui Thi Minh Nguyet, Nguyen Huu Nghi, Nguyen Mau Thanh, Nguyen Duc Vu Quyen, Vo Thang Nguyen, Dao Ngoc Nhiem, Dihn Quang Khieu, Highly effective adsorption of organic dyes from aqueous solutions on longan seed-derived activated carbon, Environmental Engineering Research, 28, 3, (2023), 220116-220110 https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2022.116
  25. Patrick T. Moseley, David A. J. Rand, Alistair Davidson, Boris Monahov, Understanding the functions of carbon in the negative active-mass of the lead–acid battery: A review of progress, Journal of Energy Storage, 19, (2018), 272-290 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.08.003
  26. Pratama Jujur Wibawa, Muhammad Nur, Mukhamad Asy'ari, Hadi Nur, SEM, XRD and FTIR analyses of both ultrasonic and heat generated activated carbon black microstructures, Heliyon, 6, 3, (2020), e03546 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03546
  27. Yedluri Anil Kumar, Ganesh Koyyada, Tholkappiyan Ramachandran, Jae Hong Kim, Sajid Sajid, Md Moniruzzaman, Salem Alzahmi, Ihab M. Obaidat, Carbon Materials as a Conductive Skeleton for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications: A Review, Nanomaterials, 13, 6, (2023), 1049 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061049
  28. Sang-Min Lee, Sang-Hye Lee, Jae-Seung Roh, Analysis of Activation Process of Carbon Black Based on Structural Parameters Obtained by XRD Analysis, Crystals, 11, 2, (2021), 153 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020153
  29. Alexander Vlahov, XRD graphitization degrees: a review of the published data and new calculations, correlations, and applications, Geologica Balcanica, 50, 1, (2021), 11-35 https://doi.org/10.52321/GeolBalc.50.1.11
  30. Zhaoxia Song, Wei Liu, Wensuo Wei, Chengze Quan, Nanxuan Sun, Quan Zhou, Guichang Liu, Xiaoqiong Wen, Preparation and electrochemical properties of Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide aerogel (Fe2O3/rGOA) composites for supercapacitors, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 685, (2016), 355-363 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.05.323
  31. Jiyeol Bae, Suho Kim, Soyoung Baek, Parallelly Aligned, Activated Carbon Coated Plates Operating as Adsorption Columns for Removing VOCs, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22, 3, (2022), 210263 https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.210263
  32. Barbara Szczęśniak, Jerzy Choma, Mietek Jaroniec, Sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of catalytically graphitized mesoporous carbons, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 372, (2024), 113117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2024.113117
  33. Samuel Ntakirutimana, Wei Tan, Marc A. Anderson, Yang Wang, Editors’ Choice—Review—Activated Carbon Electrode Design: Engineering Tradeoff with Respect to Capacitive Deionization Performance, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167, 14, (2020), 143501 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abbfd7
  34. Yufeng Zhao, Chul-Woong Cho, Longzhe Cui, Wei Wei, Junxiong Cai, Guiping Wu, Yeoung-Sang Yun, Adsorptive removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds and a pharmaceutical using activated charcoal from aqueous solution: kinetics, equilibrium, and mechanism studies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33, (2019), 33897-33905 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2617-7
  35. Tang Shu Hui, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Valorization of spent activated carbon in glycerine deodorization unit for methylene blue removal, Carbon Letters, 31, 4, (2021), 721-728 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00189-z
  36. Ali Mohammed Saleh, Hadi Hamdi Mahdi, Azil Bahari Alias, Nurul Kairiah Abd Hadi, Deana Qarizada, Ali H. Jawad, Noah Mohammed Saleh, Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of H2S using coconut shell activated carbon xerogel: Effect of mass adsorbent and temperature, Desalination and Water Treatment, 317, (2024), 100149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100149
  37. Bishnu P. Thapaliya, Huimin Luo, Phillip Halstenberg, Harry M. Meyer III, John R. Dunlap, Sheng Dai, Low-Cost Transformation of Biomass-Derived Carbon to High-Performing Nano-graphite via Low-Temperature Electrochemical Graphitization, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13, 3, (2021), 4393-4401 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c19395
  38. Benjamin Diby Ossonon, Daniel Bélanger, Synthesis and characterization of sulfophenyl-functionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets, RSC Advances, 7, 44, (2017), 27224-27234 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28311j
  39. John Coates, Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach, in: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a5606
  40. Saeedeh Hashemian, Khaterah Salari, Hamila Salehifar, Zahra Atashi Yazdi, Removal of Azo Dyes (Violet B and Violet 5R) from Aqueous Solution Using New Activated Carbon Developed from Orange Peel, Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 1, (2013), 283274 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/283274
  41. Lufei Yang, Zhiyuan Mi, Haichao Fang, Ruizhe Xu, Binyang Lv, Jizhen Li, Guofang Zhang, Fabrication of highly catalytic active α-Fe2O3-carbon nanotube composites for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate by light and temperature control strategy, Surfaces and Interfaces, 44, (2024), 103642 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103642
  42. Ruisong Wei, Hongfang Lai, Seyed Mahmoud Mirzamani Bafghi, The Catalysis of Ferric Chloride in the Preparation of Graphene Oxide Film, Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 41, 3, (2022), 832-842 https://doi.org/10.30492/ijcce.2021.136138.4326
  43. KaiJie Dong, ZhaoKun Yang, DongJian Shi, MingQing Chen, Weifu Dong, Nitrogen-doped carbon boosting Fe2O3 anode performance for supercapacitors, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 33, 17, (2022), 13547-13557 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08289-4
  44. Irdhawati Irdhawati, Manuntun Manurung, Ni Ketut Yuni Sri Lestari, Preparation and Validation of Fe2O3 Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Measurement of Dopamine by Voltammetry Method, Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 22, 6, (2019), 227-234 https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.6.227-234
  45. Shifan Zhang, Neven Ukrainczyk, Ali Zaoui, Eddie Koenders, Electrical conductivity of geopolymer-graphite composites: Percolation, mesostructure and analytical modeling, Construction and Building Materials, 411, (2024), 134536 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134536
  46. Domenico Frattini, Grazia Accardo, Claudio Ferone, Raffaele Cioffi, Fabrication and characterization of graphite-cement composites for microbial fuel cells applications, Materials Research Bulletin, 88, (2017), 188-199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.12.037
  47. E. O. Vilar, N. L. de Freitas, F. R. de Lirio, FB de Sousa, Study of the electrical conductivity of graphite felt employed as a porous electrode, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 15, 3, (1998), 295-302 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66321998000300007

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-12-27 02:32:37

No citation recorded.