skip to main content

Legal Issues of Artificial Intelligence – Generated Works: Challenges on Indonesian Copyright Law

*Ranti Fauza Mayana scopus  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjajaran, Indonesia
Tisni Santika orcid scopus  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Pasundan, Indonesia
Yin Yin Win  -  MacMillan Center, Yale University, United States
Jamil Adrian Khalil Matalam  -  School of Law, University of Southeastern Philippines, Philippines
Ahmad M Ramli scopus  -  Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
Open Access Copyright 2024 LAW REFORM under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Digital transformation fosters the massive utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in creating literary, artistic, and musical works worldwide, including in Indonesia. The autonomous functioning of AI challenges the essential presumption that technology is merely a device in the hands of humans in the creation process of Works. This paper examines several legal issues and problems concerning the copyright-ability, authorship, and ownership of AI-generated works using a juridical normative approach. The result of the analysis shows that although the framework of Indonesia's copyright law is based on the principle of human authorship, the rapid development of AI must be balanced with an accommodating legal framework. In conclusion, the Indonesian government can open up the possibility of accepting AI's role in the creation of the work and formulate the limited artificial legal personhood of AI by granting exclusive rights, copyright protection, moral rights, and economic rights to individuals or groups of individuals who produce AI or whose contribution is required for AI function. This formulation is expected to encourage the utilization of AI also provide legal certainty and solve the problem concerning the lack of legal accountability for AI-generated works. In addition, the advancement of technical and legal support is needed in implementing this provisioning model.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Authorship; Copyright; Legal Personhood

Article Metrics:

  1. Andersen, S. L. (2022). John McCarthy: Father of AI. IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol.17, (No.5), pp.84–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2002.1039837
  2. Anggraini, D. (2020). Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) Dan Nilai Co-Creation Dalam Penjualan B2B (Business-To-Business). Jurnal Sistem Informasi, Teknologi Informasi, Dan Edukasi Sistem Informasi, Vol.1,(No.2), pp. 63–69. https://doi.org/10.25126/justsi.v1i2.7
  3. Astariyani, Ni Luh Gede., Hermanto, Bagus., da Cruz, Rosino.,& Wisnaeni, Fifiana. (2023). Preventive and Evaluative Mechanism Analysis on Regulatory and Legislation Reform in Indonesia. Law Reform, Vol.19, (No.2),pp.248–269. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.55819
  4. Chakraborty, A. (2019). Authorship of AI Generated Works under the Copyright Act, 1957: An Analytical Study. Nirma University Law Journal, Vol.8, (No.2), pp.37–54. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nulj8&div=17&id=&page=
  5. Chesterman, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence and the limits of legal personality. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.69, (No.4),pp.819–844. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589 320000366
  6. Christiani, Theresia Anita., Qureshi, Muhammad Imran., & Kosasih, Johannes Ibrahim. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Copyright Law in Indonesia. Journal of Positive School Psychology, Vol.6, (No.3),pp.418–423. https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/1418
  7. De Werra, J. (2023). AI transparency: An emerging principle in the IP ecosystem?. Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, Vol.18, (No.6), pp.407–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpad041
  8. Dewi, Yetty K. (2013). Liability of Legal Person in Indonesia: A Statutory and Practical Review, Indonesia Law Review, Vol.3, (No.1, January – April 2013), pp.43-54. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v3n1.29
  9. Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti., Kasih, Desak Putu Dewi., Samsithawrati, Putu Aras., Dwijayanthi, Putri Triari., Salain Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi., Mahaswari, Mirah., Ustriyana, Made Grazia., & Moisa, Robert Vaisile. (2023). Quo Vadis Traditional Cultural Expressions Protection : Threats’ from Personal Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence. Law Reform,Vol.19,(No.2),pp.321–343. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.58639
  10. Disemadi, Hari S. (2022). Contextualization of Legal Protection of Intellectual Property in Micro Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia. Law Reform, Vol.18, (No.1), pp.89–110. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i1.42568
  11. Euchner, J. (2023). Generative AI. Research-Technology Management, Vol.66, (No.3), pp.71–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08956308.2023.2188861
  12. Filipova, Irina. A., & Koroteev, Vadim. D. (2023). Future of the Artificial Intelligence : Object of Law or Legal Personality ?. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, Vol.1, (No.2),pp.359–386. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.15
  13. Goenaga, Mikel A. (2020). A Critique Of Contemporary Artificial Intelligence Art: Who is Edmond de Belamy? AusArt, Vol.8, (No.1),pp.49–64. https://doi.org/10.1387/ausart.21490
  14. Guadamuz, A. (2021). Do androids dream of electric copyright? Comparative analysis of originality in artificial intelligence generated works. Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property,pp.147–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870944.003.0008
  15. Guadamuz, A. (2024). A Scanner Darkly: Copyright Liability and Exceptions in Artificial Intelligence Inputs and Outputs. GRUR International, Vol.73, Issue 2, pp.111-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikad140
  16. Hristov, K. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Copyright Dilemma. IDEA; The Journal of the Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property, Vol.57, (No.3), pp.431–454. https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/IDEA//hristov_formatted.pdf
  17. Kaminski, Margot E. (2017). Authorship, Disrupted: AI Authors in Copyright and First Amendment Law. University of California Davis Law Review, Vol.51, (No.2), pp.589–616. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk15026/files/media/documents/51-2_Kaminski.pdf
  18. Roisah, Kholis., & Rakhmi, Wendy Budiati. (2018). The Marrakesh Treaty and Facilitating Access to Literary Works in the Field of Knowledge for Blind People. Hassanudin Law Review, Vol.4, Issue 3, pp.315–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i3.1539
  19. Kop, M. (2019). AI &Intellectual Property: Towards an Articulated Public Domain. Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal (TIPLJ), Vol. 28, (No.1), pp.1–39. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3409715
  20. de Mántaras, Ramon López. (2018). Towards Artificial Intelligence Advances, Challenges, And Risks. Metode Science Studies Journal, Vol.9, pp.119–125. https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.11145
  21. Rifqi, Muhammad., Roisah, Kholis., & Lestari, Sartika Nanda. (2023). The Prospects of Intellectual Property Rights as a Credit Collateral: An Indonesia-Singapore Comparative Study. Jurnal Hukum Novelty, Vol.14,Issue2,pp.170–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v14i2.a27017
  22. Naithani, P. (2022). Issues of Authorship and Ownership in Work created by Artificial Intelligence - Indian Copyright Law Perspectives. NTUT Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Management, Vol.11, (No.1),pp.1–12. https://iip.ntut.edu.tw/var/file/92/1092/img/Vol11_No1.pdf
  23. Nobile C, Gallese. (2023). Legal Aspects of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Finnish Healthcare. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, Vol.1, (No.2), pp.314–336. https://doi.org/10.17803/2618-8198-2020-10-4-039-045
  24. Noor, N. (2021), Copyright Law in Protecting Creators’ Exclusive Rights in the Creative Industry: A Comparative Study. The Lawpreneurship Journal, Vol.1, (No.2), pp.200–217. https://doi.org/10.21632/tlj.1.2.200-217
  25. Nurhayati, Yati., Ifrani., Barkatullah, Abdul Halim, & Said, Muhamad Yasir. (2019). The Issue of Copyright Infringement in 4.0 Industrial Revolution: Indonesian Case. Jurnal Media Hukum, Vol.26, (No.2), pp.122–130. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20190128
  26. Purba, Eric Secada., & Hendry. (2022). Implementation of Generative Adversarial Networks for Penerapan Generative Adversarial Networks Dalam Pembuatan. Jurnal Teknik Informatika (JUTIF), Vol.3, (No.3),pp.707–715. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jutif.2022.3.3.262
  27. Ramli, Tasya Safiranita., Ramli, Ahmad Mujahid., Mayana, Ranti Fauza., Ramadayanti, Ega., & Fauzi, Rizky. (2023). Artificial intelligence as object of intellectual property in Indonesian law. Journal of World Intellectual Property, Vol. 26, (No.2), pp.1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12264
  28. Sans. N. (2023). The U.S. Copyright Office’s Zarya Decision, and the Uncertain Future of AI Comics. The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. https://journals.library. columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/announcement/view/617
  29. Stiglitz, J E. (2017). The Coming Great Transformation. Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol.39,(No.4),pp.625–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.05.009
  30. Tektona, Rahmadi Indra., Sari, Nuzulia Kumala., & Alfaris, Maulana Reyza. (2021). Quo Vadis Undang-Undang Hak Cipta Indonesia: Perbandingan Konsep Ciptaan Artificial Intelligence di Beberapa Negara. LSP Jurnal Ilmiah Dosen, Vol.5, (No.9), pp.285–305. https://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/108147
  31. Ng, Gee Wah., & Leung, Wang Chi. (2020). Strong Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness, Vol.07, (No.01),pp.63–72. https://doi.org/10.1142/ s2705078520300042
  32. Yanisky-Ravid, S. (2017). Generating Rembrandt: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, and Accountability in the 3A Era-The Human-like Authors Are Already Here-A New Model. Michigan State Law Review, pp. 659–726. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/956
  33. Yoo, Christopher S. (2019). Rethinking Copyright and Personhood. University of Illinois Law Review, Vol.2019,No.3,pp.1039–1078. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=14 22&context=faculty_scholarship
  34. Yudiana, Teguh C. (2022). An Inequality of Moral Rights in Apple Music Platform as A Digital Copyright Protection Infringement. Jurnal Supremasi, Vol.12, (No.2), pp.17–26. https://doi.org/10.35457/supremasi.v12i2.1971
  35. Yunus, Nur Rohim., Zein, Fitriyani., & Siagian, Amrizal. (2022). Civil Law System in Indonesia and Its Comparison with Other Legal Systems. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I Vol.9, (No.5), pp.1629–50. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v9i3.26168
  36. Zhu, L. (2023). Dilemma and Outlet of Personality Right Protection in Sports Event Copyright. Journal of Innovation and Development, Vol.4,(No.2),pp.85–92. DOI: 10.54097/jid.v4i2.12148
  37. Abbot, R. (2020). The Reasonable Robot : Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108631761
  38. Gray, John C. (1921). The Nature and Sources of the Law. London: Routledge
  39. Lee, Jyh-An. (2021). Computer-generated Works under the CDPA 1988. Oxford: Oxford University Press, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198870944.003.0009
  40. Maggiore, M. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, computer generated works and copyright. In E. Bonadio & N. Lucchi (Eds.), Non-Conventional Copyright (p. 382). London : Edward Elgar Publishing
  41. Mayana, Ranti Fauza., & Santika, Tisni. (2022). Hak Cipta Dalam Konteks Ekonomi Kreatif dan Transformasi Digital (1st edition). Bandung : Refika Aditama
  42. Scharre, Paul & Horrowitz, Michael C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence : What Every Policimaker Needs to Know. Washington : Center for a New American Security
  43. Mahardita, Yoga., & Roisah, Kholis. (2018). Optimizing the Authority of Indonesia Customs in Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights. In Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies (ICILS 2018). (pp.135-140). Dordrecht: Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icils-18
  44. Strelkova, O., & Pasichnyk, O. (2017). Three types of artificial intelligence. IV All Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference, (pp.142–146). Poltava. http://eztuir.ztu.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/6479/142.pdf?sequence=1&i
  45. Christie’s. (2018). Is artificial intelligence set to become art’s next medium?. Retrieved from https://www.christies.com/features/A-collaboration-between-two-artists-one-human-one-a-machine-9332-1.aspx
  46. Otero, Begona Gonzales., & Quintais, Joao Pedro. (2018). Before the Singularity: Copyright and the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence, Kluwer Copyright Blog. Retrieved from https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/34082305/Before_the_Singularity_Copyright_and_the_Challenges_of_Artificial_Intellige.pdf
  47. United States Copyright Office. (2023a). Zarya of the Dawn (Registration # VAu001480196). Retrieved from https://fingfx.thomson reuters.com/gfx/legaldocs/klpygnkyrpg/AI COPYRIGHT decision.pdf
  48. United States Copyright Office. (2023b). Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register : Daily Journal of the United States Government. 2023. Retrieved from https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/03/16/2023-05321/copyright-registration-guidance-works-containing-material-generated-by-artificial-intelligence
  49. Westhoff, M. (2020). The Next Rembrandt. Harvard Business School Digital Inovation and Transformation. Retrieved from https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-digit/submission/the-next-rembrandt/

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2024-11-05 09:24:40

No citation recorded.