DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.45139

Enhancing Hydrogen Generation using CdS-modified TiO2 Nanotube Arrays in 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol as a Hole Scavenger

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek, Serpong, Tangerang, Banten 15320, Indonesia

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia

Received: 10 Mar 2022; Revised: 22 Jun 2022; Accepted: 30 Jun 2022; Available online: 10 Jul 2022; Published: 1 Nov 2022.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Nowadays, the lack of renewable energy such as hydrogen, and other environmental issues are problems that must be resolved. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is classified as a recalcitrant pollutant due to its carcinogenic properties, high toxicity, and dangers to the environment therefore it needs to be eliminated. Hydrogen production using organic pollutant (2,4,6-TCP solution) as a hole scavenger on CdS-TiO2 nanotube arrays photocatalyst (TNTA-CdS) has been investigated at various CdS loading on TNTA and the initial concentration of 2,4,6-TCP. The TNTA sample was prepared by anodization and followed by an electrodeposition method to decorate CdS on TNTA. The H2 which was generated by reduction H+ and the 2,4,6-TCP removal was performed simultaneously by photocatalysis with TNTA-CdS as photocatalyst. The mole ratio of CdCl2:CH3CSNH2 as precursors of CdS deposited on TNTA (CdS loading) were 0.1:0.06, 0.2:0.12, and 0.4:0.24 and the initial concentration of 2,4,6-TCP were 10, 20 and 40 ppm. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic performance of the variations in CdS loading on TNTA and initial concentration of 2,4,6-TCP toward hydrogen generation was investigated in a photoreactor for 240 minutes under visible light irradiation with a mercury lamp as a photon source. The CdS decorating on TNTA was confirmed by SEM, EDX, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. According to the UV-Vis and XRD analysis, the TNTA-CdS samples have bandgap energies in the range of 2.71 - 2.89 eV and comprise a 100% anatase phase. Based on the photocatalysis results, the optimum composition of CdS loading is 0.2:0.16 (TNTA-CdS-2) which produced the highest total hydrogen (2.155 mmol/g) compared to the other compositions and produced 1.5 times higher compared to TNTA at 40 ppm of 2,4,6-TCP.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol; Hole Scavenger; Hydrogen Evolution; Titania Nanotube Arrays; TNTA-CdS
Funding: Universitas Indonesia under contract NKB-386/UN2.RST/HKT.05.00/2021.NKB-386/UN2.RST/HKT.05.00/2021.

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Environmental Sustainability Goal and the Effect of Resources Extrication: A "Give and Take Perspective” Piezoelectric Performance of Microbial Chitosan Thin Film Derived from Aspergillus oryzae Socio-Economic Prospects of Solar PV Uptake in Energy Policy Landscape of Pakistan Green Port Strategies in Developed Coastal Countries as Useful Lessons for the Path of Sustainable Development: A case study in Vietnam Prospects and Challenges of Malaysia's Distributed Energy Resources in Business Models Towards Zero – Carbon Emission and Energy Security Technical-Environmental Assessment of Energy Management Systems in Smart Ports More recent articles
Most cited articles
Premixed Combustion of Kapok (ceiba pentandra) seed oil on Perforated Burner Determinants of CO2 Emissions in Emerging Markets: An Empirical Evidence from MINT Economies Power Quality Improvement Wind Energy System Using Cascaded Multilevel Inverter 2D Numerical Simulation and Sensitive Analysis of H-Darrieus Wind Turbine Steam gasification of wood biomass in a fluidized biocatalytic system bed gasifier: A model development and validation using experiment and Boubaker Polynomials Expansion Scheme BPES More cited articles
  1. Acar, C., Dincer, I. & Naterer, G. F. (2016). Review of photocatalytic water-splitting methods for sustainable hydrogen production. International Journal of Energy Research, 40(11), 1449-1473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3549
  2. Ali, M. H. H., Al-Qahtani, K. M., and El-Sayed, S. M. (2019). Enhancing photodegradation of 2,4,6 trichlorophenol and organic pollutants in industrial effluents using nanocomposite of TiO2 doped with reduced graphene oxide. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(4), 321-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.08.003
  3. Aphairaj, D., Wirunmongkol, T., Pavasupree, S. & Limsuwan, P. (2011). Effect of calcination temperatures on structures of TiO2 powders prepared by hydrothermal method using thai leucoxene mineral. Energy Procedia, 9, 539-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.09.062
  4. Ba, Q., Jia, X., Huang, L., Li, X., Chen, W. & Mao, L. (2019). Alloyed Pd-Ni hollow nanoparticles as cocatalyst of CdS for improved photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(12), 5872-5880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.054
  5. Chen, Z., Dinh, H. N & Miller, E. (2013). Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Standards, Experimental Methods, and Protocols, Springer New York, London
  6. Christoforidis, K. C., Syrgiannis, Z., La Parola, V., Montini, T., Petit, C., Stathatos, E., Godin, R., Durrant, J. R., Prato, M. & Fornasiero, P. (2018). Metal-free dual-phase full organic carbon nanotubes/g-C3N4 heteroarchitectures for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nano Energy, 50, 468-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.070
  7. Elangovan, M., Bharathaiyengar, S. M., and PonnanEttiyappan, J. (2021). Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using TiO2-CdS heterojunction catalysts under visible light irradiation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 18186-18200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11538-w
  8. Elysabeth, T., Mulia, K., Ibadurrohman, M., Dewi, E. L. & Slamet. (2021). A comparative study of CuO deposition methods on titania nanotube arrays for photoelectrocatalytic ammonia degradation and hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(53), 26873-26885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.149
  9. Fu, Y., Qin, L., Huang, D., Zeng, G., Lai, C., Li, B., He, J., Yi, H., Zhang, M., Cheng, M. & Wen, X. (2019). Chitosan functionalized activated coke for Au nanoparticles anchoring: Green synthesis and catalytic activities in the hydrogenation of nitrophenols and azo dyes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 255, 117740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.05.042
  10. Gholipour, M. R., Dinh, C-T., Beland, F. & Do, T-O. (2015). Nanocomposite heterojunctions as sunlight-driven photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting. Nanoscale, 7(18), 8187-8208. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr07224c
  11. Hippargi, G., Mangrulkar, P., Chilkalwar, A., Labhsetwar, N. & Rayalu, S. (2018). Chloride ion: A promising hole scavenger for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(14), 6815-6823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.179
  12. Holladay, J. D., Hu, J., King, D. L. & Wang, K. Y. (2009). An overview of hydrogen production technologies. Catalysis Today, 139(4), 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.08.039
  13. Ji, H., Chang, F., Hu, X., Qin, W., and Shen, J. (2013). Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol over g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 218, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.12.033
  14. Junn, Ng. B., Putri, L. K., Kong, X.Y., The, Y.W., Pasbaskhsh, P., Piao, C.S. (2020). Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Systems for Solar Water Splitting. Advanced Science, 7, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2010.3
  15. Khodadadeh, F., Azar, P. A., Tehrani, M. S., and Assi, N. (2016). Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol with CdS nanoparticles synthesized by a microwave-assisted sol-gel method. International Journal of Nano Dimensions, 7(3), 263-269. https://doi.org/10.7508/ijnd.2016.03.010
  16. Khorsandi, H., Ghochlavi, N., and Aghapour, A. A. (2018). Biological degradation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol by a sequencing batch reactor. Environmental Processes, 5, 907-917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-018-0333-4
  17. Lavand, A. B. and Malghe Y. S. (2015). Visible light photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol using C/ZnO/CdS nanocomposite. Jornal of Saudi Society, 19(5), 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2015.07.001
  18. Levy, I. K., Mizrahi, M., Ruano, G., Zampieri, G., Requejo, F. G. & Litter, M. I. (2012). TiO2-photocatalytic reduction of pentavalent and trivalent arsenic: Production of elemental arsenic and arsine. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 2299-2308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es202638c
  19. Li, B., Lai, C., Zhang, M., Zeng, G., Liu, S., Huang, D., Qin, L., Liu, X., Yi, F., An, N. & Chen, L. (2020). Graphdiyne: A rising star of electrocatalyst support for energy conversion. Advanced Energy Materials, 10(16), 20200177. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202000177
  20. Li, X., Chen, X., Niu, H., Han, X., Zhang, T., Liu, J., Lin, H. & Qu, F. (2015). The synthesis of CdS/TiO2 heteronanofibers with enhanced visible photocatalytic activity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 452, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.04.034
  21. Liu, M., Jiao, Y., Zhan, S. & Wang, H. (2020). Ni3S2 nanowires supported on Ni foam as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for urea-assisted electrolytic hydrogen production. Catalysis Today, 355, 596-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.05.032
  22. Liu, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, B., Li, J., Chen, H., Wang, J., Bai, J., Shangguan, W. & Cai, W. (2011). Highly stable CdS-modified short TiO2 nanotube array electrode for efficient visible-light hydrogen generation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(1), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.09.089
  23. Luo, H., Zeng, Z., Zeng, G., Zhang, C., Xiao, R., Huang, D., Lai, C., Cheng, M., Wang, W., Xiong, W., Yang, Y., Qin, L., Zhou, C., Wang, H. & Tian, S. (2020). Recent progress on metal-organic frameworks based- and derived- photocatalysts for water splitting. Chemical Engineering Journal, 3883, 123196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123196
  24. Luo, N., Jiang, Z., Shi, H., Xiao, T., Edwards, P. P. (2009). Photo-catalytic conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrogen over heteroatom-doped TiO2 catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(1), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.097
  25. Mehrpooya, M. & Habibi, R. (2020). A review on hydrogen production thermochemical water-splitting cycles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 123836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123836
  26. Moreira, T.M.F., Santana, I.L., Moura, M.N., Ferreira, S.A.D., Lelis, M.F.F., Freitas, M.B.J.G. (2017). Recycling of negative electrodes from spent Ni-Cd batteries as CdO with nanoparticle sizes and its application in remediation of azo dye. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 195, 19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.04.009
  27. Park, H., Ou, H-H., Kang, U., Choi, J., Hoffmann, M. R. (2016). Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane on TiO2/CdS in aqueous isopropanol solution. Catalysis Today, 266, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2015.09.017
  28. Ramirez, E. R., Tzompantzi-Morales, F., Gutierrez-Ortega, N., Mojica-Calvillo, H. G., and Castillo-Rodriguez, J. (2019). Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol by MgO-MgFe2O4 derived from layered double hydroxide structures. Catalysts, 9, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050454
  29. Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi, J., Dewi, E. L. & Slamet. (2014). Effect of NaBF4 addition on the anodic synthesis of TiO2 nanotube arrays photo catalyst for production of hydrogen from glycerol-water solution. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 16927-16935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.178
  30. Robel, I., Kuno, M, and Kamat, P. V. (2007). Size-dependent electron injection from excited CdSe quantum dots into TiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(14), 4136-4137. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja070099a
  31. Sharotri, N. & Sud, D. (2016). Ultrasound-assisted synthesis and characterization of visible light-responsive nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanomaterials for removal 2-Chlorophenol. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(19), 8776-8788. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1026278
  32. Shi, Y., Lei, X., Xia, L., Wu, Q. & Yao, W. (2020). Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of CdS coated with Zn-anchored carbon layer. Chemical Engineering Journal, 393, 124751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124751
  33. Slamet, Ratnawati, Gunlazuardi, J. & Dewi, E. L. (2017). Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Pt deposited on titania nanotube arrays for hydrogen production with glycerol as a sacrificial agent. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(38), 24014-24025. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhdene.2017.07.208
  34. Slametb and Raudina. (2017). Degradation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol and hydrogen production simultaneously by TiO2 nanotubes/graphene composite. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Applied Chemistry, AIP Conf. Proc. 1904, 020074-1-020074-7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011931
  35. Tian, J., Leng, Y., Zhao, Z., Xia, Y., Sang, Y., Hao, P., Zhan, J., Li, M. & Liu, H. (2015). Carbon quantum dots/hydrogenated TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures and their broad-spectrum photocatalytic properties under UV, visible, and near-infrared irradiation. Nano Energy, 11, 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.10.025
  36. Tian, S., Zhang, C., Huang, D., Wang, R., Zeng, G., Yan, M., Xiong, W., Zhou, C., M. Cheng, M., Xue, W., Yang, Y. & Wang, W. (2020). Recent progress in sustainable technologies for adsorptive and reactive removal of sulfonamides. Chemical Engineering Journal, 389, 123423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123423
  37. Veeraputhiran, V., Gomathinayagam V., Udhaya, A., Francy, K. & Kathrunnisa. (2015) B. Microwave Mediated Synthesis and Characterizations of CdO Nanoparticles. Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences, 1, 17–19
  38. Wang, B., He, S., Feng, W., Zhang, L., Huang, X., Wang, K., Zhang, S. & Liu, P. (2018). Rational design and facile in situ coupling non-noble metal Cd nanoparticles and CdS nanorods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 236, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.005
  39. Wang, B., Zhang, L., Chen, Z., Hu, S., Li, S., Wang, Z., Liu, J., and Wang, X. (2014). Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(15), 5234-5244. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs000126e
  40. Xie, K., Wu, Z., Wang, m., Yu, J., Gong, C., Sun, L. & Lin, C. (2016). Room temperature synthesis of CdS nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays by electrodeposition with improved visible-light photoelectrochemical properties. Electrochemistry Communications, 63, 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.12.013
  41. Xu, Q., Zhang, L., Yu, J., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A. A., & Jaroniec, M. (2018). Direct Z-scheme photocatalysts: Principles, synthesis, and applications. Materials Today, 21(10), 1042-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.008
  42. Yu, C., Zhang, Z., Dong, Z. Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Cao, X., Dong, W., Liu, M. & Liu, Y. (2021). Fabrication of Heterostructured CdS/TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Composites for Photoreduction of U(VI) under Visible Light. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 298, 122053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122053
  43. Zhao, Q., Li, X., Wang, N., Hou, Y., Quan, X. & Chen. G. (2009). Facile fabrication, characterization, and enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation performance of highly oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 11, 2153-2162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9685-z
  44. Zhao, D. & Feng Yang, C (2016). Recent advances in the TiO2/CdS nanocomposite used for photocatalytic hydrogen production and quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1048-1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.100
  45. Zhao, Q., Sun, J., Li, S., Huang, C, Yao, W., Chen, W., Zeng, T. & Xu, Q. (2018). Single nickel atoms anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene as a highly active co-catalyst for photocatalytic H2 evolution. ACS Catalysis, 8(12), 11863. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b03737
  46. Zhao, Y., Huang, X., Gao, F., Tian, Q., Fang, Z-B. & Liu, P. (2019). Study on water splitting characteristics of CdS nanosheets driven by the coupling effect between photocatalysis and piezoelectricity. Nanoscale, 11(18), 9085-9090. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01676G
  47. Zheng, Y., Dong, J., Huang, C., Xia, L., Wu, Q., Xu, Q.& Yao, W. (2020). Co-doped Mo-Mo2C cocatalyst for enhanced g-C3N4 photocatalytic H2 evolution. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 260, 118220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118220
  48. Zhu, Y-P., Ren, T-Z., and Yuan, Z-Y. (2015). Mesoporous phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 nanostructured flowers with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Applied Materials & Interfaces, 7(30), 16850-16856. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04947

Last update:

  1. Z-scheme charge transfer between a conjugated polymer and α-Fe2O3 for simultaneous photocatalytic H2 evolution and ofloxacin degradation

    Ziheng Xiao, Jie Xiao, Luxi Yuan, Minhua Ai, Faryal Idrees, Zhen-Feng Huang, Chengxiang Shi, Xiangwen Zhang, Lun Pan, Ji-Jun Zou. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 12 (9), 2024. doi: 10.1039/D3TA07217G

  2. Non-thermal plasma assisted catalytic water splitting for clean hydrogen production at near ambient conditions

    Wenping Li, Mingyuan Cao, Shijun Meng, Zhaofei Li, Hao Xu, Lijia Liu, Hua Song. Journal of Cleaner Production, 387 , 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135913

Last update: 2024-04-23 18:56:24

No citation recorded.