Technical-Environmental Assessment of Energy Management Systems in Smart Ports

Hoang Phuong Nguyen, Nguyen Dang Khoa Pham, Viet Duc Bui


DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.46300

Abstract


Shipping is facing huge pressure problems in this 21st century such as climate change and environmental pollution and the depletion of energy resources. Seaports are an important component of the shipping industry architecture. Although there is no common solution, seaports around the globe face the same challenge. Challenges raised include difficulties in integrating new technology into automation, traffic congestion, harmonizing residential communities around the port, quantifying and reducing CO2 emissions as well as planning for the energy transition. In addition, improving the adaptability of the port infrastructure in the context of increased pressure from market demand, labor shortage, and escalating prices should be considered. In that context, a smart port was born as a necessity. However, the understanding of smart ports is very limited. This review examines the recently published smart port literature to clarify the common concepts of smart ports and their development progress on the way to building a sustainable seaport ecosystem. Although smart port metrics and key port performance metrics are organized around four key performance areas including operations, environment, energy, and safety. However, a comprehensive review of all four key areas is very broad and difficult to cover in a review article. Therefore, this work focuses on analyzing and discussing the approaches and applications of the technology in smart port energy management systems. Our research has shown that different smart port founding perspectives play a decisive role in technology approaches to building a port energy management system including optimizing algorithms for energy consumption, balancing demand and energy production, and comprehensively integrating renewable energy. New findings in this study contribute to the elucidation of smart port concepts based on improving energy use and management efficiency with innovative technologies in the context of sustainable development of the shipping industry.


Keywords


Shipping; Smart Port; Energy Management System; Interner of Things

Full Text:

PDF

References


Acciaro, M., Ghiara, H., & Cusano, M. I. (2014). Energy management in seaports: A new role for port authorities. Energy Policy, 71, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.013.

Arulananth, T. S., Baskar, M., SM, U. S., Thiagarajan, R., Rajeshwari, P. R., Kumar, A. S., & Suresh, A. (2021). Evaluation of low power consumption network on chip routing architecture. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 82, 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103809.

Bakır, H., Ağbulut, Ü., Gürel, A. E., Yıldız, G., Güvenç, U., Soudagar, M. E. M., Hoang, A. T., Deepanraj, B., Saini, G., & Afzal, A. (2022). Forecasting of future greenhouse gas emissions trajectory for India using energy and economic indexes with various metaheuristic algorithms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131897

Boile, M., Theofanis, S., Sdoukopoulos, E., & Plytas, N. (2016). Developing a Port Energy Management Plan: Issues, Challenges, and Prospects. Transportation Research Record, 2549(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.3141/2549-03

Botti, A., Monda, A., Pellicano, M., & Torre, C. (2017). The re-conceptualization of the port supply chain as a smart port service system: the case of the port of Salerno. Systems, 5(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5020035.

Bracke, V., Sebrechts, M., Moons, B., Hoebeke, J., De Turck, F., & Volckaert, B. (2021). Design and evaluation of a scalable Internet of Things backend for smart ports. Software: Practice and Experience, 51(7), 1557–1579. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2973.

Carullo, A., & Parvis, M. (2001). An ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement in automotive applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 1(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2001.936931

Chen, W.-H., Nižetić, S., Sirohi, R., Huang, Z., Luque, R., M.Papadopoulos, A., Sakthivel, R., Phuong Nguyen, X., & Tuan Hoang, A. (2022). Liquid hot water as sustainable biomass pretreatment technique for bioenergy production: A review. Bioresource Technology, 344, 126207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126207

Chen, W.-H., Wang, J.-S., Chang, M.-H., Hoang, A. T., Lam, S. S., Kwon, E. E., & Ashokkumar, V. (2022). Optimization of a vertical axis wind turbine with a deflector under unsteady wind conditions via Taguchi and neural network applications. Energy Conversion and Management, 254, 115209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115209

Chen, W.-H., Wang, J.-S., Chang, M.-H., Mutuku, J. K., & Hoang, A. T. (2021). Efficiency improvement of a vertical-axis wind turbine using a deflector optimized by Taguchi approach with modified additive method. Energy Conversion and Management, 245, 114609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114609

de la Peña Zarzuelo, I., Soeane, M. J. F., & Bermúdez, B. L. (2020). Industry 4.0 in the port and maritime industry: A literature review. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 20, 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2020.100173.

Dong, W., Xiao, H., Jia, Y., Chen, L., Geng, H., Bakhtiar, S. U. H., Fu, Q., & Guo, Y. (2022). Engineering the Defects and Microstructures in Ferroelectrics for Enhanced/Novel Properties: An Emerging Way to Cope with Energy Crisis and Environmental Pollution. Advanced Science, 9(13), 2105368. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105368.

Douaioui, K., Fri, M., & Mabrouki, C. (2018). Smart port: Design and perspectives. 2018 4th International Conference on Logistics Operations Management (GOL), 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GOL.2018.8378099

Drosińska-Komor, M., Głuch, J., Breńkacz, Ł., & Ziółkowski, P. (2022). On the Use of Selected 4th Generation Nuclear Reactors in Marine Power Plants. Polish Maritime Research, 29(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2022-0008

Dulebenets, M. A. (2022). Multi-objective collaborative agreements amongst shipping lines and marine terminal operators for sustainable and environmental-friendly ship schedule design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 342, 130897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130897

Durán, C. A., Córdova, F. M., & Palominos, F. (2019). A conceptual model for a cyber-social-technological-cognitive smart medium-size port. Procedia Computer Science, 162, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.263

Fernández, P., Santana, J. M., Ortega, S., Trujillo, A., Suárez, J. P., Domínguez, C., Santana, J., & Sánchez, A. (2016). SmartPort: A platform for sensor data monitoring in a seaport based on FIWARE. Sensors, 16(3), 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16030417

Ga Bui, V., Minh Tu Bui, T., Nižetić, S., Sakthivel, R., Nam Tran, V., Hung Bui, V., Engel, D., Hadiyanto, H., & Hoang, A. T. (2021). Energy storage onboard zero-emission two-wheelers: Challenges and technical solutions. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101435. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2021.101435

Ghadge, A., Wurtmann, H., & Seuring, S. (2020). Managing climate change risks in global supply chains: a review and research agenda. International Journal of Production Research, 58(1), 44–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1629670

Gizelis, C.-A., Mavroeidakos, T., Marinakis, A., Litke, A., & Moulos, V. (2020). Towards a smart port: the role of the telecom industry. IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49190-1_12

Goddard, N. D. R., Kemp, R. M. J., & Lane, R. (1997). An overview of smart technology. Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, 10(3), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1522(19970501/30)10:3%3C129::AID-PTS393%3E3.0.CO;2-C

Gucma, S. (2019). Conditions of safe ship operation in seaports–optimization of port waterway parameters. Polish Maritime Research, 26(3), 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2019-0042

Haidine, A., Aqqal, A., & Dahbi, A. (2021). Communications Backbone for Environment Monitoring Applications in Smart Maritime Ports—Case Study of a Moroccan Port. 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Geoscience, Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1109/AGERS53903.2021.9617440

Hayakawa, S., Fukue, T., Shirakawa, H., & Hiratsuka, W. (2021). CFD-based study on relationship between cooling performance of pulsating flow and RIB height mounted in mini rectangular channel. Journal of Technology and Innovation (JTIN), 1(1), 30–32. https://doi.org/10.26480/jtin.01.2021.30.32

Heilig, L., & Voß, S. (2017). Port-centric Information Management in Smart Ports. Ports and Networks: Strategies, Operations and Perspectives, 236. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315601540-15

Hiekata, K., Wanaka, S., Mitsuyuki, T., Ueno, R., Wada, R., & Moser, B. (2021). Systems analysis for deployment of internet of things (IoT) in the maritime industry. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 26(2), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-020-00750-5

Hoang, A. T. (2020). Analyzing and selecting the typical propulsion systems for ocean supply vessels. 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCS48705.2020.9074276

Hoang, A. T., Foley, A. M., Nižetić, S., Huang, Z., Ong, H. C., Ölçer, A. I., Pham, V. V., & Nguyen, X. P. (2022). Energy-related approach for reduction of CO2 emissions: A critical strategy on the port-to-ship pathway. Journal of Cleaner Production, 355, 131772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131772

Hoang, A. T., Nižetić, S., Ng, K. H., Papadopoulos, A. M., Le, A. T., Kumar, S., Hadiyanto, H., & Pham, V. V. (2022). Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity production from waste as sustainable prospect of future energy sector. Chemosphere, 287, 132285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132285

Hoang, A. T., Nizetic, S., Ong, H. C., Chong, C. T., Atabani, A. E., & Pham, V. V. (2021). Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management, 296(15 October 2021), 113194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113194

Hoang, A. T., Nižetić, S., & Pham, V. V. (2020). A state-of-the-art review on emission characteristics of SI and CI engines fueled with 2,5-dimethylfuran biofuel. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11629-8

Hoang, A. T., & Pham, V. V. (2018). A review on fuels used for marine diesel engines. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 41(4), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.26480/jmerd.04.2018.22.32

Hoang, A. T., & Pham, V. V. (2019). Technological Perspective for Reducing Emissions from Marine Engines. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(6), 1989. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.9.6.10429

Hoang, A. T., Pham, V. V., & Nguyen, X. P. (2021). Integrating renewable sources into energy system for smart city as a sagacious strategy towards clean and sustainable process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 305, 127161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127161

Hoang, A. T., Sandro Nižetić, Olcer, A. I., Ong, H. C., Chen, W.-H., Chong, C. T., Thomas, S., Bandh, S. A., & Nguyen, X. P. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy system and the shift progress to renewable energy: Opportunities, challenges, and policy implications. Energy Policy, 154, 112322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112322

Hsu, W.-K., Huang, S.-H. S., Tseng, W.-J., & Li, D.-F. (2021). An assessment of the policy gap in port selection of liner shipping companies. Transportation Letters, 13(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2020.1724648

Huynh, T. T., Le, A. T., Pham, V. V., Hoang, A. T., & Nguyen, X. P. (2021). COVID-19 and the Global Shift Progress to Clean Energy. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 143(9), 94701. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050779

Ilin, I., Maydanova, S., Dubgorn, A., & Esser, M. (2022). Digital Platforms for Maritime Logistics Ecosystems. In Arctic Maritime Logistics (pp. 159–172). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92291-7_9

Innovez-one. (2022). Smart Solutions – Clean Shipping International.

Iris, Ç., & Lam, J. S. L. (2019). A review of energy efficiency in ports: Operational strategies, technologies and energy management systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.069

Kaloop, M. R., Kim, E., Sayed, M. A., & Kim, D. (n.d.). Movement identification model of a steel structure based on structural health monitoring system. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.50.1.105

Kosiek, J., Kaizer, A., Salomon, A., & Sacharko, A. (2021). Analysis of Modern Port Technologies Based on Literature Review. TransNav: International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.15.03.22

Kovač, M. (2021). Autonomous AI, smart seaports, and supply chain management: Challenges and Risks. In Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Industry (pp. 127–137). Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003246503-11

Kuznetsov, V., Dymo, B., Kuznetsova, S., Bondarenko, M., & Voloshyn, A. (2021). Improvement of the cargo fleet vessels power plants ecological indexes by development of the exhaust gas systems. Polish Maritime Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0009

Lamberti, T., Sorce, A., Di Fresco, L., & Barberis, S. (2015). Smart port: Exploiting renewable energy and storage potential of moored boats. OCEANS 2015-Genova, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271376

Le, T. S., & Hieu, L. H. (2021). A comparison of lyapunov and fuzzy approaches to tracking controller design. Journal of Technology and Innovation (JTIN), 1(2), 54–57. http://doi.org/10.26480/jtin.02.2021.54.57

Le, V. V., Huynh, T. T., Ölçer, A., Hoang, A. T., Le, A. T., Nayak, S. K., & Pham, V. V. (2020). A remarkable review of the effect of lockdowns during COVID-19 pandemic on global PM emissions. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1853854

Lee, P. T.-W., & Lam, J. S. L. (2016). Developing the fifth generation ports model. In Dynamic shipping and port development in the globalized economy (pp. 186–210). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137514233

Li, L.-L., Seo, Y.-J., & Ha, M.-H. (2021). The efficiency of major container terminals in China: super-efficiency data envelopment analysis approach. Maritime Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-08-2020-0051

Li, S., Liu, J., Negenborn, R. R., & Ma, F. (2019). Optimizing the joint collision avoidance operations of multiple ships from an overall perspective. Ocean Engineering, 191, 106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106511

Li, Y. (2021). Intelligent and Connected Cars Under the Background of 5G. International Conference on Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-Modal Information Analytics, 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74811-1_61

Luo, J. X. (2019). Fully automatic container terminals of Shanghai Yangshan Port phase IV. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 6(3), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0053-0

Merk, O. (2020). Future Maritime Trade Flows. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/e51b5ecc-en

Mi, C., Huang, Y., Fu, C., Zhang, Z., & Postolache, O. (2021). Vision-based measurement: actualities and developing trends in automated container terminals. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 24(4), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2021.9448257

Mi, W., & Liu, Y. (2022). Smart Port and Artificial Intelligence. In Smart Ports (pp. 81–98). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9889-7_6

Min, H. (2022). Developing a smart port architecture and essential elements in the era of Industry 4.0. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-022-00211-3

Molavi, A., Lim, G. J., & Race, B. (2020). A framework for building a smart port and smart port index. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(9), 686–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2019.1610919

Murugesan, P., Hoang, A. T., Perumal Venkatesan, E., Santosh Kumar, D., Balasubramanian, D., Le, A. T., & Pham, V. V. (2021). Role of hydrogen in improving performance and emission characteristics of homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fueled with graphite oxide nanoparticle-added microalgae biodiesel/diesel blends. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.107

Nadi, A., Sharma, S., Snelder, M., Bakri, T., van Lint, H., & Tavasszy, L. (2021). Short-term prediction of outbound truck traffic from the exchange of information in logistics hubs: A case study for the port of Rotterdam. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 127, 103111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103111

Nayak, S. K., Nižetić, S., Huang, Z., Ölçer, A. I., Bui, V. G., Wattanavichien, K., & Hoang, A. T. (2022). Influence of injection timing on performance and combustion characteristics of compression ignition engine working on quaternary blends of diesel fuel, mixed biodiesel, and t-butyl peroxide. Journal of Cleaner Production, 333, 130160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130160

Nguyen, H. P., Hoang, A. T., Nizetic, S., Nguyen, X. P., Le, A. T., Luong, C. N., Chu, V. D., & Pham, V. V. (2021). The electric propulsion system as a green solution for management strategy of CO2 emission in ocean shipping: A comprehensive review. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12580

Nguyen, H. P., Huy, L. P. Q., Pham, V. V., Nguyen, X. P., Balasubramanian, D., & Hoang, A. T. (2021). Application of the Internet of Things in 3E factor (Efficiency, Economy, and Environment)-based energy management as smart and sustainable strategy. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2021.1954110

Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, H. N., Pham, H. K. K., & Pham, Q. P. (2021). A METHOD FOR TRAJECTORY TRACKING FOR DIFFERENTIAL DRIVE TYPE OF AUTOMATIC GUIDED VEHICLE. Journal of Technology and Innovation (JTIN), 1(2), 51–53. http://doi.org/10.26480/jtin.02.2021.51.53

Nguyen, X. P., & Hoang, A. T. (2020). The Flywheel Energy Storage System: An Effective Solution to Accumulate Renewable Energy. 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems, ICACCS 2020, 1322–1328. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCS48705.2020.9074469

Nguyen, X. P., Le, N. D., Pham, V. V., Huynh, T. T., & Dong, V. H. (2021). Mission, challenges, and prospects of renewable energy development in Vietnam. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2021.1965264

Nguyen, X. P., & Pham Nguyen, D. K. (2019). Experimental Research on the Impact of Anchor-Cable Tensions in Mooring Ship at Vung Tau Anchorage Area. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(6), 1892–1899.

Nižetić, S., Jurčević, M., Čoko, D., Arıcı, M., & Hoang, A. T. (2021). Implementation of phase change materials for thermal regulation of photovoltaic thermal systems: Comprehensive analysis of design approaches. Energy, 228, 120546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120546

Nižetić, S., Ong, H. C., Mofijur, M., Ahmed, S. F., Ashok, B., Bui, V. T. V., & Hoang, A. T. (2021). Insight into the recent advances of microwave pretreatment technologies for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into sustainable biofuel. Chemosphere, 281(October), 130878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130878

Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek, A., Pawłowska, B., & Czermański, E. (2018). Polish sea ports and the Green Port concept. SHS Web of Conferences, 57, 1023. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185701023

Osundiran, O., Okonta, F., & Quainoo, H. (2021). An Examination of the Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Maritime Port of Singapore Container Port Productivity using Malmquist Productivity Index. Pomorski Zbornik, 60(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.18048/2021.60.05.

Ozturk, M., Jaber, M., & Imran, M. A. (2018). Energy-aware smart connectivity for IoT networks: Enabling smart ports. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5379326

Pham, V. V., & Hoang, A. T. (2020). Analyzing and selecting the typical propulsion systems for ocean supply vessels. 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCS48705.2020.9074276

Pham, V. V., & Hoang⁠, A. T. (2021). 2-Methylfuran (MF) as a potential biofuel: A thorough review on the production pathway from biomass, combustion progress, and application in engines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111265

Pham, V. V., Hoang, A. T., & Do, H. C. (2020). Analysis and evaluation of database for the selection of propulsion systems for tankers. 020034. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0007655

Phenikaa MaaS. (2021). Smart Port solution – smart cargo port model.

Pratama, P. S., Nguyen, T. H., Kim, H. K., Kim, D. H., & Kim, S. B. (2016). Positioning and obstacle avoidance of automatic guided vehicle in partially known environment. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 14(6), 1572–1581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-014-0553-y

Pratikto, W. A., Fitriadhy, A., Maulana, M. I., Huda, A. C., Putri, D. L., Simatupang, L. A., Wahyudi, N. R., Laksono, R., & Dewi, A. V. R. (2021). The Study of Coastline Changing and Total Suspended Solid Distribution Based on The Remote Sensing Data in Teluk Lamong Multipurpose Port Terminal. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 698(1), 12046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/698/1/012046

Rajabi, A., Saryazdi, A. K., Belfkih, A., & Duvallet, C. (2018). Towards smart port: an application of AIS data. 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS), 1414–1421. https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCC/SmartCity/DSS.2018.00234

Sharma, P., Said, Z., Memon, S., Elavarasan, R. M., Khalid, M., Nguyen, X. P., Arıcı, M., Hoang, A. T., & Nguyen, L. H. (2022). Comparative evaluation of AI‐based intelligent GEP and ANFIS models in prediction of thermophysical properties of Fe3O4‐coated MWCNT hybrid nanofluids for potential application in energy systems. International Journal of Energy Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8010

Sirohi, R., Pandey, A. K., Ranganathan, P., Singh, S., Udayan, A., Awasthi, M. K., Hoang, A. T., Chilakamarry, C. R., Kim, S. H., & Sim, S. J. (2022). Design and applications of photobioreactors-A review. Bioresource Technology, 126858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126858

Sirohi, R., Pandey, A., Nižetić, S., Lam, S. S., Chen, W.-H., Luque, R., Hoang, A. T., Thomas, S., Arıcı, Ü., & Pham, V. V. (2022). Biofuel production from microalgae: Challenges and chances. Phytochemistry Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09819-y

Solmaz, M. S. (2021). Digital Transformation in Port Management: Smart Ports. In Managerial Issues in Digital Transformation of Global Modern Corporations (pp. 165–182). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2402-2.ch012

Spadaro, I., Pirlone, F., & Candia, S. (2021). Waste management: new policies for EU port cities. International Planning Studies, 26(4), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2021.1883421

Sun, C. (2020). Digital finance, technology innovation, and marine ecological efficiency. Journal of Coastal Research, 108(SI), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI108-022.1

Tran, V. D., Dong, V. H., Le, A. T., & Hoang, A. T. (2019). An experimental analysis on physical properties and spray characteristics of an ultrasound-assisted emulsion of ultra-low-sulphur diesel and Jatropha-based biodiesel. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2019.1595355

Vakili, S., Ölçer, A. I., Schönborn, A., & Ballini, F. (2022). Energy‐related clean and green framework for shipbuilding community towards zero‐emissions: A strategic analysis from concept to case study. International Journal of Energy Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7649

Varbanov, P. S., Nižetić, S., Sirohi, R., Pandey, A., Luque, R., Ng, K. H., & Hoang, A. T. (2022). Perspective review on Municipal Solid Waste-to-energy route: Characteristics, management strategy, and role in circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 359, 131897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131897

Veza, I., Karaoglan, A. D., Ileri, E., Kaulani, S. A., Tamaldin, N., Latiff, Z. A., Said, M. F. M., Hoang, A. T., Yatish, K. V, & Idris, M. (2022). Grasshopper optimization algorithm for diesel engine fuelled with ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.101817

Veza, I., Roslan, M. F., Muhamad Said, M. F., Abdul Latiff, Z., & Abas, M. A. (2020). Cetane index prediction of ABE-diesel blends using empirical and artificial neural network models. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1814906

Vo, D. T., Nguyen, X. P., Nguyen, T. D., Hidayat, R., Huynh, T. T., & Nguyen, D. T. (2021). A review on the internet of thing (IoT) technologies in controlling ocean environment. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2021.1960932

Wang, G. W. Y., Zeng, Q., Li, K., & Yang, J. (2016). Port connectivity in a logistic network: The case of Bohai Bay, China. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 95, 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2016.04.009

Wang, Y., Sun, C., & Zou, W. (2021). Study on the interactive relationship between marine economic growth and marine environmental pressure in China. Environmental and Resource Economics, 79(1), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00555-z

Wester, N. (2021). Adopting Artificial Intelligence to Accelerate the Energy Transition: An overview of the Applications of AI and Activities necessary to Accelerate the Transition in the Port of Rotterdam.

Winkowska, J., Szpilko, D., & Pejić, S. (2019). Smart city concept in the light of the literature review. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2019-0012

Wu, R., Beutler, J., Price, C., & Baxter, L. L. (2020). Biomass char particle surface area and porosity dynamics during gasification. Fuel, 264, 116833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116833

Xia, K., Du, C., Zhu, Z., Wang, R., Zhang, H., & Xu, Z. (2018). Sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator based on paper and as a self-powered velocity and force sensor. Applied Materials Today, 13, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2018.09.005

Yang, Y., Zhong, M., Yao, H., Yu, F., Fu, X., & Postolache, O. (2018). Internet of things for smart ports: Technologies and challenges. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 21(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2018.8278808

Yau, K.-L. A., Peng, S., Qadir, J., Low, Y.-C., & Ling, M. H. (2020). Towards smart port infrastructures: Enhancing port activities using information and communications technology. IEEE Access, 8, 83387–83404. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990961

Ye, L., Mandpe, S., & Meyer, P. B. (2005). What is “smart growth?”—Really? Journal of Planning Literature, 19(3), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0885412204271668

Zhong, M., Yang, Y., Yao, H., Fu, X., Dobre, O. A., & Postolache, O. (2019). 5G and IoT: Towards a new era of communications and measurements. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 22(6), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2019.8917899

Zhou, Y., Yuen, K. F., Tan, B., & Thai, V. V. (2021). Maritime knowledge clusters: A conceptual model and empirical evidence. Marine Policy, 123, 104299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104299




Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.