DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.41451

Machine Learning Models Based on Random Forest Feature Selection and Bayesian Optimization for Predicting Daily Global Solar Radiation

1Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Team of Renewable energy and energy efficiency, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco

2Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Science and Technique, Mining, Water and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, BP 509, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco

3Moulay Ismail University, ENSAM, Laboratory of Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Marjane II, BP 15290, Al Mansour, 50000, Meknes, Morocco

4 Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Water Sciences and environmental engineering, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco

View all affiliations
Received: 16 Sep 2021; Revised: 15 Nov 2021; Accepted: 28 Nov 2021; Available online: 6 Dec 2021; Published: 1 Feb 2022.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract
Prediction of daily global solar radiation  with simple and highly accurate models would be beneficial for solar energy conversion systems. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid machine learning methodology integrating two feature selection methods and a Bayesian optimization algorithm to predict H in the city of Fez, Morocco. First, we identified the most significant predictors using two Random Forest methods of feature importance: Mean Decrease in Impurity (MDI) and Mean Decrease in Accuracy (MDA). Then, based on the feature selection results, ten models were developed and compared: (1) five standalone machine learning (ML) models including Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Random Forests (RF), Bagged Trees Regression (BTR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP); and (2) the same models tuned by the Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm: CART-BO, RF-BO, BTR-BO, SVR-BO, and MLP-BO. Both MDI and MDA techniques revealed that extraterrestrial solar radiation and sunshine duration fraction were the most influential features. The BO approach improved the predictive accuracy of MLP, CART, SVR, and BTR models and prevented the CART model from overfitting. The best improvements were obtained using the MLP model, where RMSE and MAE were reduced by 17.6% and 17.2%, respectively. Among the studied models, the SVR-BO algorithm provided the best trade-off between prediction accuracy (RMSE=0.4473kWh/m²/day, MAE=0.3381kWh/m²/day, and R²=0.9465), stability (with a 0.0033kWh/m²/day increase in RMSE), and computational cost.
Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: Feature selection; Mean Decrease in Accuracy; Mean Decrease in Impurity; Bayesian optimization; Solar radiation

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Improved Evaluation of The Wind Power Potential of a Large Offshore Wind Farm Using Four Analytical Wake Models Impacts of Solar Electricity Generation on the Thai Electricity Industry Study and Optimization of a Hybrid Power Generation System to Power Kalakala, a Remote Locality in Northern Côte d'Ivoire Water-Energy-Food Nexus Review for Biofuels Assessment Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Ether Additives: A Review A Review on the Role and Impact of Typical Alcohol Additives in Controlling Emissions from Diesel Engines The Delignification of Plants Residue Substrate and Accelerated Fungal Consortium Growth-Saccharification: A Practical Approach More recent articles
Most cited articles
Solmap: Project In India's Solar Resource Assessment The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil Enhancement and Optimization Mechanisms of Biogas Production for Rural Household Energy in Developing Countries: A review Microbial Fuel Cells for Simultaneous Electricity Generation and Organic Degradation from Slaughterhouse Wastewater Phase Change Material on Augmentation of Fresh Water Production Using Pyramid Solar Still More cited articles
  1. Ağbulut, Ü., Gürel, A. E., & Biçen, Y. (2021). Prediction of daily global solar radiation using different machine learning algorithms: Evaluation and comparison. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110114; doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110114
  2. Ahmad, M. W., Mourshed, M., & Rezgui, Y. (2018). Tree-based ensemble methods for predicting PV power generation and their comparison with support vector regression. Energy, 164, 465–474; doi: org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.207
  3. Almaraashi, M. (2018). Investigating the impact of feature selection on the prediction of solar radiation in different locations in Saudi Arabia. Applied Soft Computing, 66, 250–263; doi: org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.02.029
  4. Alsamamra, H., Ruiz-Arias, J. A., Pozo-Vázquez, D., & Tovar-Pescador, J. (2009). A comparative study of ordinary and residual kriging techniques for mapping global solar radiation over southern Spain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149(8), 1343–1357; doi: org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.005
  5. Alsina, E. F., Bortolini, M., Gamberi, M., & Regattieri, A. (2016). Artificial neural network optimisation for monthly average daily global solar radiation prediction. Energy Conversion and Management, 120, 320–329; doi: org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.101
  6. Antonopoulos, V. Z., Papamichail, D. M., Aschonitis, V. G., & Antonopoulos, A. V. (2019). Solar radiation estimation methods using ANN and empirical models. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 160, 160–167; doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.03.022
  7. Bamehr, S., & Sabetghadam, S. (2021). Estimation of global solar radiation data based on satellite-derived atmospheric parameters over the urban area of Mashhad, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(6), 7167–7179; doi: org/10.1007/s11356-020-11003-8
  8. Benali, L., Notton, G., Fouilloy, A., Voyant, C., & Dizene, R. (2019). Solar radiation forecasting using artificial neural network and random forest methods: Application to normal beam, horizontal diffuse and global components. Renewable Energy, 132, 871–884; doi: org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.044
  9. Bounoua, Z., Chahidi, L. O., & Mechaqrane, A. (2021). Estimation of daily global solar radiation using empirical and machine-learning methods: A case study of five Moroccan locations. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 28, e00261; doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00261
  10. Breiman, L. (1996). Bagging predictors. Machine Learning, 24(2), 123–140; doi: org/10.1007/BF00058655
  11. Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45(1), 5–32; doi: org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
  12. Breiman, L. (2017). Classification and regression trees. Routledge
  13. Calandra, R., Seyfarth, A., Peters, J., & Deisenroth, M. P. (2016). Bayesian optimization for learning gaits under uncertainty. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 76(1–2), 5–23; doi: org/10.1007/s10472-015-9463-9
  14. Chen, J.-L., Li, G.-S., & Wu, S.-J. (2013). Assessing the potential of support vector machine for estimating daily solar radiation using sunshine duration. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 311–318; doi: org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.06.034
  15. Cheng, H., Ding, X., Zhou, W., & Ding, R. (2019). A hybrid electricity price forecasting model with Bayesian optimization for German energy exchange. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 110, 653–666; doi: org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.03.056
  16. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., & Bauer, d P. (2011). The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(656), 553–597; doi: org/10.1002/qj.828
  17. Dhamala, J., Bajracharya, P., Arevalo, H. J., Sapp, J. L., Horácek, B. M., Wu, K. C., Trayanova, N. A., & Wang, L. (2020). Embedding high-dimensional Bayesian optimization via generative modeling: Parameter personalization of cardiac electrophysiological models. Medical Image Analysis, 62, 101670; doi: org/10.1016/j.media.2020.101670
  18. El Mghouchi, Y., Chham, E., Zemmouri, E. M., & El Bouardi, A. (2019). Assessment of different combinations of meteorological parameters for predicting daily global solar radiation using artificial neural networks. Building and Environment, 149, 607–622; org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.055
  19. Fan, J., Wang, X., Wu, L., Zhou, H., Zhang, F., Yu, X., Lu, X., & Xiang, Y. (2018). Comparison of Support Vector Machine and Extreme Gradient Boosting for predicting daily global solar radiation using temperature and precipitation in humid subtropical climates: A case study in China. Energy Conversion and Management, 164, 102–111; doi: org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.087
  20. Fan, J., Wu, L., Zhang, F., Cai, H., Zeng, W., Wang, X., & Zou, H. (2019a). Empirical and machine learning models for predicting daily global solar radiation from sunshine duration: A review and case study in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100, 186–212; doi: org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.018
  21. Feng, Y., Hao, W., Li, H., Cui, N., Gong, D., & Gao, L. (2020). Machine learning models to quantify and map daily global solar radiation and photovoltaic power. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 118, 109393; doi: org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109393
  22. Fisher, A., Rudin, C., & Dominici, F. (2019). All Models are Wrong, but Many are Useful: Learning a Variable’s Importance by Studying an Entire Class of Prediction Models Simultaneously. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 20(177), 1–81
  23. Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., & Reichle, R. (2017). The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Journal of Climate, 30(14), 5419–5454; doi: org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1
  24. Halawa, E., GhaffarianHoseini, A., & Li, D. H. W. (2014). Empirical correlations as a means for estimating monthly average daily global radiation: A critical overview. Renewable Energy, 72, 149–153; doi: org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.004
  25. Hassan, M. A., Khalil, A., Kaseb, S., & Kassem, M. A. (2017). Exploring the potential of tree-based ensemble methods in solar radiation modeling. Applied Energy, 203, 897–916; doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.104
  26. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009). The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference, and prediction. Springer Science & Business Media;
  27. Ibrahim, I. A., & Khatib, T. (2017). A novel hybrid model for hourly global solar radiation prediction using random forests technique and firefly algorithm. Energy Conversion and Management, 138, 413–425; doi: org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.006
  28. Joy, T. T., Rana, S., Gupta, S., & Venkatesh, S. (2019). A flexible transfer learning framework for Bayesian optimization with convergence guarantee. Expert Systems with Applications, 115, 656–672; doi: org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.08.023
  29. Kalogirou, S. A. (2013). Solar energy engineering: Processes and systems. Academic Press
  30. Kumar, R., Aggarwal, R. K., & Sharma, J. D. (2015). Comparison of regression and artificial neural network models for estimation of global solar radiations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1294–1299; doi: org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.021
  31. Lahouar, A., & Slama, J. B. H. (2015). Day-ahead load forecast using random forest and expert input selection. Energy Conversion and Management, 103, 1040–1051; doi: org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.041
  32. Li, Y., Zou, C., Berecibar, M., Nanini-Maury, E., Chan, J. C.-W., van den Bossche, P., Van Mierlo, J., & Omar, N. (2018). Random forest regression for online capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries. Applied Energy, 232, 197–210; doi: org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.182
  33. Lotfinejad, M. M., Hafezi, R., Khanali, M., Hosseini, S. S., Mehrpooya, M., & Shamshirband, S. (2018). A comparative assessment of predicting daily solar radiation using bat neural network (BNN), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and neuro-fuzzy (NF) system: A case study. Energies, 11(5), 1188; doi: org/10.3390/en11051188
  34. Marzouq, M., Bounoua, Z., El Fadili, H., Mechaqrane, A., Zenkouar, K., & Lakhliai, Z. (2019). New daily global solar irradiation estimation model based on automatic selection of input parameters using evolutionary artificial neural networks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 1105–1118; org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.254
  35. Merrouni, A. A., Elalaoui, F. E., Mezrhab, A., Mezrhab, A., & Ghennioui, A. (2018). Large scale PV sites selection by combining GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process. Case study: Eastern Morocco. Renewable Energy, 119, 863–873; doi: org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.044
  36. Molnar, C. (2020). Interpretable Machine Learning. Lulu. com
  37. Moreno, A., Gilabert, M. A., & Martínez, B. (2011). Mapping daily global solar irradiation over Spain: A comparative study of selected approaches. Solar Energy, 85(9), 2072–2084; org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.05.017
  38. Olatomiwa, L., Mekhilef, S., Shamshirband, S., & Petković, D. (2015). Adaptive neuro-fuzzy approach for solar radiation prediction in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1784–1791; doi: org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.068
  39. Paulescu, M., Stefu, N., Calinoiu, D., Paulescu, E., Pop, N., Boata, R., & Mares, O. (2016). AAngström–Prescott equation: Physical basis, empirical models and sensitivity analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 495–506; doi: org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.012
  40. Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., & Cournapeau, D. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825–2830
  41. Piri, J., Shamshirband, S., Petković, D., Tong, C. W., & ur Rehman, M. H. (2015). Prediction of the solar radiation on the earth using support vector regression technique. Infrared Physics & Technology, 68, 179–185; doi: org/10.1016/j.infrared.2014.12.006
  42. Quej, V. H., Almorox, J., Arnaldo, J. A., & Saito, L. (2017a). ANFIS, SVM and ANN soft-computing techniques to estimate daily global solar radiation in a warm sub-humid environment. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 155, 62–70; doi: org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.02.002
  43. Rohani, A., Taki, M., & Abdollahpour, M. (2018). A novel soft computing model (Gaussian process regression with K-fold cross validation) for daily and monthly solar radiation forecasting (Part: I). Renewable Energy, 115, 411–422; doi: org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.061
  44. Ruiz-Arias, J. A., Pozo-Vázquez, D., Santos-Alamillos, F. J., Lara-Fanego, V., & Tovar-Pescador, J. (2011). A topographic geostatistical approach for mapping monthly mean values of daily global solar radiation: A case study in southern Spain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(12), 1812–1822; doi: org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.021
  45. Sameen, M. I., Pradhan, B., & Lee, S. (2020). Application of convolutional neural networks featuring Bayesian optimization for landslide susceptibility assessment. Catena, 186, 104249; doi: org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104249
  46. Scornet, E. (2020). Trees, forests, and impurity-based variable importance. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2001.04295
  47. Shamshirband, S., Mohammadi, K., Yee, L., Petković, D., & Mostafaeipour, A. (2015). A comparative evaluation for identifying the suitability of extreme learning machine to predict horizontal global solar radiation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1031–1042; doi: org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.173
  48. Shi, J. Q., & Choi, T. (2011). Gaussian process regression analysis for functional data. Chapman and Hall/CRC
  49. Snoek, J., Larochelle, H., & Adams, R. P. (2012). Practical bayesian optimization of machine learning algorithms. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2951–2959
  50. Sun, H., Gui, D., Yan, B., Liu, Y., Liao, W., Zhu, Y., Lu, C., & Zhao, N. (2016). Assessing the potential of random forest method for estimating solar radiation using air pollution index. Energy Conversion and Management, 119, 121–129; doi: org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.051
  51. Tao, H., Ewees, A. A., Al-Sulttani, A. O., Beyaztas, U., Hameed, M. M., Salih, S. Q., Armanuos, A. M., Al-Ansari, N., Voyant, C., & Shahid, S. (2021). Global solar radiation prediction over North Dakota using air temperature: Development of novel hybrid intelligence model. Energy Reports, 7, 136–157; doi: org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.033
  52. Vapnik, V. (2013). The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer science & business media
  53. Wang, L., Kisi, O., Zounemat-Kermani, M., Zhu, Z., Gong, W., Niu, Z., Liu, H., & Liu, Z. (2017). Prediction of solar radiation in China using different adaptive neuro-fuzzy methods and M5 model tree. International Journal of Climatology, 37(3), 1141–1155; doi.org/10.1002/joc.4762
  54. Wang, R., Lu, S., & Li, Q. (2019). Multi-criteria comprehensive study on predictive algorithm of hourly heating energy consumption for residential buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society, 49, 101623; doi: org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101623
  55. Wang, Y., Kandeal, A. W., Swidan, A., Sharshir, S. W., Abdelaziz, G. B., Halim, M. A., Kabeel, A. E., & Yang, N. (2021). Prediction of tubular solar still performance by machine learning integrated with Bayesian optimization algorithm. Applied Thermal Engineering, 184, 116233; doi: org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116233
  56. Wang, Z., Wang, Y., & Srinivasan, R. S. (2018). A novel ensemble learning approach to support building energy use prediction. Energy and Buildings, 159, 109–122; doi: org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.085
  57. World Energy Outlook 2020 – Analysis. (n.d.). IEA. Retrieved 14 January 2021, from https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020
  58. Wu, J., Chen, X.-Y., Zhang, H., Xiong, L.-D., Lei, H., & Deng, S.-H. (2019). Hyperparameter optimization for machine learning models based on Bayesian optimization. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology, 17(1), 26–40; doi: org/10.11989/JEST.1674-862X.80904120
  59. Yadav, A. K., Malik, H., & Chandel, S. S. (2014). Selection of most relevant input parameters using WEKA for artificial neural network based solar radiation prediction models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31, 509–519; doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.008
  60. Zeng, Z., Wang, Z., Gui, K., Yan, X., Gao, M., Luo, M., Geng, H., Liao, T., Li, X., & An, J. (2020). Daily Global Solar Radiation in China Estimated From High-Density Meteorological Observations: A Random Forest Model Framework. Earth and Space Science, 7(2), e2019EA001058; doi: org/10.1029/2019EA001058
  61. Zhang, Q., Hu, W., Liu, Z., & Tan, J. (2020). TBM performance prediction with Bayesian optimization and automated machine learning. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 103, 103493; doi: org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.207
  62. Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Liu, C., Cheng, L., & Sha, D. (2021). Bagging-based positive-unlabeled learning algorithm with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization for three-dimensional mineral potential mapping. Computers & Geosciences, 104817; doi: org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104817
  63. Zhou, Z.-H. (2012). Ensemble methods: Foundations and algorithms. Chapman and Hall/CRC

Last update:

  1. Multi-attribute optimization of sustainable aviation fuel production-process from microalgae source

    Zafar Said, Tuan Hai Nguyen, Prabhakar Sharma, Changhe Li, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Van Nhanh Nguyen, Van Viet Pham, Shams Forruque Ahmed, Dong Nguyen Van, Thanh Hai Truong. Fuel, 324 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124759

  2. Machine learning solutions for renewable energy systems: Applications, challenges, limitations, and future directions

    Zaid Allal, Hassan N. Noura, Ola Salman, Khaled Chahine. Journal of Environmental Management, 354 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120392

  3. Application of Artificial Intelligence Model Solar Radiation Prediction for Renewable Energy Systems

    Hasan Alkahtani, Theyazn H. H. Aldhyani, Saleh Nagi Alsubari. Sustainability, 15 (8), 2023. doi: 10.3390/su15086973

  4. Mathematical modeling of a Hybrid Mutated Tunicate Swarm Algorithm for Feature Selection and Global Optimization

    Turki Althaqafi. AIMS Mathematics, 9 (9), 2024. doi: 10.3934/math.20241184

  5. Quantifying urban three-dimensional building form effects on land surface temperature: a case study of Beijing, China

    Siyuan Li, Nannan Zhang. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 17 (04), 2023. doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.17.048501

  6. Optimized Random Forest for Solar Radiation Prediction Using Sunshine Hours

    Cesar Villegas-Mier, Juvenal Rodriguez-Resendiz, José Álvarez-Alvarado, Hugo Jiménez-Hernández, Ákos Odry. Micromachines, 13 (9), 2022. doi: 10.3390/mi13091406

  7. Use of machine learning to identify key factors regulating volatilization of semi-volatile organic chemicals from soil to air

    Rong Wang, Kai-Hui Zhang, Yu Wang, Chen-Chou Wu, Lian-Jun Bao, Eddy Y. Zeng. Science of The Total Environment, 920 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170769

  8. Hybrid Feature Selection and Ensemble Classifier with Optimization for Sentiment Classification

    C Vanlalnunpuia, Lalhmingliana. 2023 5th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N), 2023. doi: 10.1109/ICAC3N60023.2023.10541514

  9. Metaheuristic Algorithms for Solar Radiation Prediction: A Systematic Analysis

    Sergio A. Pérez-Rodríguez, José M. Álvarez-Alvarado, Julio-Alejandro Romero-González, Marcos Aviles, America Eileen Mendoza-Rojas, Carlos Fuentes-Silva, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz. IEEE Access, 12 , 2024. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3429073

  10. Approximation of daily solar radiation: A comprehensive review on employing of regression models

    Amir Hossein Mirzabe, Ali Hajiahmad, Alireza Keyhani, Negin Mirzaei. Renewable Energy Focus, 41 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ref.2022.02.003

  11. Novel CNN-based transformer integrating Boruta algorithm for production prediction modeling and energy saving of industrial processes

    Yongming Han, Longkun Han, Xinwei Shi, Jun Li, Xiaoyi Huang, Xuan Hu, Chong Chu, Zhiqiang Geng. Expert Systems with Applications, 255 , 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124447

  12. RETRACTED: Multi-attribute optimization of sustainable aviation fuel production-process from microalgae source

    Zafar Said, Tuan Hai Nguyen, Prabhakar Sharma, Changhe Li, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Van Nhanh Nguyen, Van Viet Pham, Shams Forruque Ahmed, Dong Nguyen Van, Thanh Hai Truong. Fuel, 324 , 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124759

  13. Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis Using Random Forest and Optimized Kernel Extreme Learning Machine

    Tusongjiang Kari, Zhiyang He, Aisikaer Rouzi, Ziwei Zhang, Xiaojing Ma, Lin Du. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 37 (1), 2023. doi: 10.32604/iasc.2023.037617

  14. Assessing the performance of a monocrystalline solar panel under different tropical climatic conditions in Cameroon using artificial neural network

    Claire Olivic Dongmo, Nkongho Ayuketang Arreyndip, Edwine Tendong, David Afungchui, Mohammed Daoudi, Joseph Ebobenow. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 16 (5), 2024. doi: 10.1063/5.0225780

  15. Hyper‐parametric improved machine learning models for solar radiation forecasting

    Mantosh Kumar, Kumari Namrata, Neha Kumari. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 34 (23), 2022. doi: 10.1002/cpe.7190

Last update: 2024-11-06 01:22:31

No citation recorded.